about navigating our updated article layout. ; Investigation, A.H. and M.W. In addition to Microsoft Excel, R version: 3.4.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) was also employed for the data analysis [26]. The understanding that suicidal ideation may decrease among undergraduates because of adaptive or functional coping skills; and that students who practice functional coping skills may suppress the negative experiences, anxiety, and psychological distress that emanate due to academic stress, is very crucial in proposing and inculcating a . A cover sheet at the start of the questionnaire outlined the purpose of the research, gave a predicted time required to complete the questionnaire, provided assurance the participation was voluntary, and explained how the data (which was non-identifiable) would be used. Question 2 (year): 46.5% (99/213) were Year 2 and 53.5% (114/213) were Year 4. They board a ship bound to U.S. There was a free response aspect to record other stressors that were not specifically mentioned. Consistent with the English findings (8), our estimates of construct validity highlighted the adaptive (ie, Distraction, Ignoring pain sensations, Distancing from pain and Coping self-statements) and maladaptive properties (Catastrophizing and Praying) of most of the subscales (4,7,25). students to learn how to manage the academic stress, even if it cannot be eliminated. various forms of psychosocial changes in addition to coping with the academic, social and work demands in preparing for their professional career (Shamsuddin et al., 2013). This 23-item self-report scale, which was derived from the 136-item Sickness Impact Profile questionnaire, was developed to measure disability in patients with chronic pain. The present study reports the adaptation of the CSQ-Revised and its validation in a sample of previously uninvestigated Italian patients with chronic pain. OSCEs causing a high amount of stress and anxiety have been previously reported by Longyhore (2017) [39] and are consistent with previous work conducted in the QUB School of Pharmacy [40]. Participants rate how often they use each coping method or experience each type of involuntary stress response on a scale of 1 (Not at all) to 4 (A lot). More female students than males sought emotional support from friends (3b) and family (3a), comfort ate (3p), and meditated/prayed (3m). ; Writing-Original Draft Preparation M.W. Careers. Accessibility information. The original form was tested in English-speaking subjects and showed acceptable internal consistency (Cronbachs alpha estimates ranging from 0.72 to 0.86) and satisfactory construct validity ie, maladaptive strategies, such as Catastrophizing and Praying, were positively associated with negative effects and negatively associated with the level of activity, whereas adaptive strategies, such as Ignoring pain sensations and Coping self-statements, were positively associated with the level of activity (7). _________ assignment _________exams _________community/social life _________hostel _________presentation _________ family _________ friends _________ managing money _________ community Academic Stress 4. Common general stressors were career choice, employment opportunities, and finance. (can answer more than once). In addition, the findings of this study could be useful to inform future teaching provision of the subject area within the School, since these students are future healthcare professionals who need to be able to provide accurate information on stress and its management to patients. Initially, 218 surveys were returned, but 5 had to be discarded as they did not contain any of the three pieces of demographic information. The three most commonly selected general stressors for the respondents (determined by interpolated medians, since the data were not normally distributed and ordinal [27]) were choice of career (interpolated median 2.00), future employment opportunities (interpolated median 1.86), and the students financial situation (interpolated median 1.82). As expected, the correlations with the numerical rating scale, Sickness Impact Profile Roland Scale, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and Chronic Pain Coping Inventory highlighted the adaptive and maladaptive properties of most of the CSQ-R subscales. Model fit was assessed using statistics, a comparative fit index, a normed-fit index, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) and the 90% CI of RMSEA (14). The extent to which an instruments score relates to the score of the theoretical construct of another instrument as expected was investigated by means of hypothesis testing (13). In: Bollen KA, Long JS, editors. These findings are potentially reassuring, i.e., these future pharmacists opted for social support and non-pharmacological measures such as exercise over pharmacological interventions to alleviate stress. Two translators, whose first language was Italian, each independently translated the English version into Italian, keeping the language colloquial and compatible with a reading age of 14 years. Perceived stress, stressors, and coping mechanisms among doctor of pharmacy students. Fava GA. Assessing depressive symptoms across cultures: Italian validation of the CES-D self-rating scale. National Solidarity Reform Institutions, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. (2004). The Italian version was introduced, which has been shown to be reliable and valid (19). Floor/ceiling effects and reliability of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire Revised subscales. In the transactional model of stress, coping responses are the key to preventing the stress response. Rosenstiel AK, Keefe FJ. The site is secure. The questionnaires were distributed and retrieved. Ratios of <3 between 2 and df, comparative fit index and normed-fit index values 0.90, and RMSEA values 0.08 were considered to be indicative of a good fit (15). It was hypothesised a priori that the CSQ-Revised maladaptive strategies (ie, Catastrophizing and Praying) would be statistically significantly and positively related to a measure of pain intensity (the 0 to 10 numerical rating scale) (16), a measure of disability (the Italian version of the Sickness Impact Profile Roland scale) (17), and a measure of depression (the Italian version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale) (18). The Brief COPE (Carver 1997; Portuguese version: Pais-Ribeiro and Rodrigues 2004) is a self-report questionnaire used to assess several coping behaviours and thoughts a person may have in response to a specific situation. This preview shows page 1 - 2 out of 3 pages. The median duration of pain was 24 months (range three to 120 months). The following research questions were proposed to guide this exploration into the experience of the undergraduate students of Linkping University: 1. which are the main sources to academic stress as perceived by the undergraduate student? Female students had a higher mean score than males, which mirrors other studies performed on pharmacy students [5,24,29], medical students [30], and dental students [17,31]; however, it must be noted that our effect size was small. The stress was of moderate degree in majority of students and academic stress was the most common stress and active coping was most commonly used and substance use was less commonly used. The hypotheses were considered acceptable if the rate of correct/affirmative answers was >90% (13). A CFA was performed and each of the items was specified to load on its respective subscale as originally hypothesized (7,8). Jensen MP, Strom SE, Turner JA, Romano JM. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (. If yes, why do you get bored? Careers, Correspondence: Dr Marco Monticone, Via Monsignor Bernasconi 16, 20035 Lissone, Italy. ; Data Curation, M.W. The difficulties encountered by the translators were overcome by means of careful wording. Questions were asked which measured sources of stress when rated as likely to contribute to distress and likely to help one achieve. To this aim, a total of 384 English as a . The Chronic Pain Coping Inventory: Development and preliminary validation. The correlations between the CSQ-Revised and the CPCI contributed further evidence of the adaptive and maladaptive strategies investigated by both measures. Beall J.W., DeHart R.M., Riggs R.M., Hensley J. In terms of data analysis, the responses from the completed questionnaires were coded and entered into Microsoft Excel 2016 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) in February 2018. Data collection involved using a specially designed . ; Methodology, L.-A.H. and M.H. Les analyses psychomtriques incluaient une analyse factorielle confirmatoire, la fiabilit, value selon la cohrence interne (coefficient alpha de Cronbach) et la fiabilit test-retest (coefficients de corrlation intraclasse), ainsi que la validit conceptuelle, value en calculant les corrlations entre les sous-chelles du CSQ-R et les mesures de la douleur (chelle dvaluation numrique), lincapacit (Sickness Impact Profile chelle de Roland), la dpression (Center for Epidemiological Studies chelle de dpression) et ladaptation (inventaire dadaptation la douleur chronique) (corrlation de Pearson). placing a check mark in the appropriate box. The .gov means its official. Received 2018 Jun 25; Accepted 2018 Jul 22. Labrague L.J., McEnroe-Petitte D.M., Papathanasiou I.V., Edet O.B., Tsaras K., Christos K.F., Fradelos E.C., Rosales R.A., Cruz J.P., Leocadio M., et al. Distributions of psychological stress in the United States in probability samples from 1983, 2006, and 2009. This questionnaire was selected on the basis of previous results obtained during the pilot study of this project. The mean Perceived Stress Scale score was 19.94 [standard deviation (SD) 6.37], with females having a higher mean score than males (20.55 SD 5.67 versus 18.16 SD 7.42). One of the translators was unfamiliar with the measure. Stress-Coping Mechanisms and Practices (Section C of the Questionnaire) The findings relating to stress coping mechanisms are illustrated in Figure 3. Objectives: To evaluate the sources of stress among students in the dental school environment, their perceived levels of stress and effective coping strategies. This study was designed to identify the causes of stress and coping strategies adopted among distance education students at the College of Distance Education in the University of Cape Coast. This current research is important, as it provides some baseline data from a UK context and therefore adds to the existing body of literature. Per cortesia, per ogni attivit descritta indichi utilizzando la scala sotto riportata in che misura si sente coinvolto/a quando prova dolore. Ross S., Cleland J., Macleod M.J. Female pharmacy students seemed to be more stressed by many of the degree elements compared with their male peers, which matched existing findings [19,41]. The eligible study group consisted of 556 undergraduate dental students from . There are eight subscales (Guarding, Resting, Asking for assistance, Relaxation, Task persistence, Exercise/Stretch, Seeking for social support, Coping self-statements) and each item is scored from 0 to 7, with higher scores representing greater use of coping strategies. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. No significant effects were found for any of the subscales (Table 3). The cover sheet also stated that there were no awards or repercussions for completing or not completing the questionnaire. () yes () no 5. The questionnaire was developed following international recommendations. As indicated in Table 2, the mean score of academic stress is 78.5% and 82.9 among males and females, respectively.. As presented in Table 3, there is no males or females experience low level of stress.Majority of the males (90%) and females (76%) have a moderate level of academic stress. Nursing Students of Selected Colleges in Pune during COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown. Popular stress-coping practices included getting emotional support from friends and family and using self-distractions. Further research should be conducted to ascertain more about the role that gender plays with stress and its effect on academic performance. stress coping strategies of the individual, stress could be very harmful to a person's physical As can be seen, the three most popular stress-coping mechanisms were self-distraction (3e) and getting emotional support from friends (3b) and from family (3a). Pandey R.A., Chalise H.N. The instrument had undergone some modifications before distributing it first to ten respondents for external validation and subjecting it to Cronbachs' alpha test for internal validity. Our findings provide further evidence regarding the relationships between CSQ-Revised and CPCI, two widely used questionnaires that assess coping strategies in individuals with chronic pain. We used the coping scale from the Academic Stress Questionnaire to measure coping strategies (Cabanach et al., 2010). Therefore, this study investigated relationships among academic stress, test anxiety, coping strategies, perceived social support and test performance in a Chinese high school sample. Additionally, from Figure 2, some stressors of note that affected Year 2 more than Year 4 were oral presentations (2l), role plays with staff (2m), and practical classes (2k). Psychosocial correlates of perceived stress among undergraduate medical students in Nigeria. IRB APPROVAL: The authors Institutional Review Board approved the study, which was conducted in accordance with ethical and humane principles of research. Connor-Smith, J. K., & Compas, B. E. (2004). However, not everyone experiencing chronic pain is physically disabled or invariably depressed; many continue their work and social activities, and rarely seek medical assistance or the help of a significant other (1). The CSQ-R was successfully translated into Italian. Ersan N., Fiekiolu E., Dlekolu S., Oktay ., lgy D. Perceived sources and levels of stress, general self-efficacy and coping strategies in clinical dental students. Chisholm-Burns M.A., Spivey C.A., Jaeger M.C., Williams J. This assessment was based on the patients yes/no answers to questions investigating the aim of the measurement (Do you think pain coping strategies constitute the aim of this questionnaire?), the target population (Do you think the items described here may be related to your chronic pain?) and the concepts being measured, with special attention being devoted to relevance (Do you think these items are relevant to evaluate your pain coping strategies?) and completeness (Do you think that the items presented comprehensively reflect your pain coping strategies?). A further review by experts and the testing of the penultimate version confirmed the correctness of the process of translation/back-translation and the content of the items. As observed in previous studies (26), exceptions were the correlations between CPCI-Task persistence and CSQ-Ignoring pain sensations, CSQ-Distancing from pain and CSQ-Coping self-statements; between CPCI-Relaxation and CSQ-Distraction and CSQ-Distancing from pain; and between CPCI-Coping self-statements and CSQ-Distraction and CSQ-Coping self-statements, which suggests that these constructs likely overlap in scale content and require further investigations. A total of 380 patients were invited to participate, of whom 345 accepted, resulting in a response rate of 90.8%. Dimensions of pain-related cognitive coping: Cross-validation of the factor structure of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire. However, this scale seeks to evaluate the individual's efforts to encounter, refrain from facing or gain control over the stressful situation. Additionally, some statements were quite broad, such as the choice of career option (although this was not picked up at the pilot stage). Hanna L.-A., Davidson S., Hall M. A questionnaire study investigating undergraduate pharmacy students opinions on assessment methods and an integrated five-year pharmacy degree. It is anticipated that the work will help determine whether Queens University Belfast (QUB) School of Pharmacy needs to put further actions or mechanisms in place for its students in relation to stress. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ): Reliability of the Swedish version of the CSQ. The study used descriptive-correlational design and purposive sampling technique. The .gov means its official. Several adverse psychological outcomes have been associated with stress and burnout. Crego A., Carrillo-Diaz M., Armfield J.M., Romero M. Stress and academic performance in dental students: The role of coping strategies and examination-related self-efficacy. Coping strategies are known to influence an individuals' experience of stress. and transmitted securely. First, its cross-sectional design means that significant correlations should not be confused with causal effects. 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