Herbivores on the tundra include the Arctic hare, lemming, muskox, and caribou. New York: Anchor Books, 1999. Though Arctic policy priorities differ, every Arctic nation is concerned about sovereignty/defense, resource development, shipping routes, and environmental protection. [4] Its latitude depends on the Earth's axial tilt, which fluctuates within a margin of more than 2 over a 41,000-year period, owing to tidal forces resulting from the orbit of the Moon. Directly on the Arctic Circle these events occur, in principle, exactly once per year: at the June and December solstices, respectively. The arctic region of Europe (including W Russia) benefits from . U*X*L Encyclopedia of Water Science. The Arctic Circle (66 33'N) delimits the Arctic in terms of solar radiation. This frozen seawater is called sea ice. Life in the Arctic includes zooplankton and phytoplankton, fish and marine mammals, birds, land animals, plants and human societies. //]]>. Such changes may have an impact on atmospheric conditions outside the region. The arctic region sits inside the Arctic Circle and the subarctic region lies just below it. The Arctic is almost entirely covered by water, much of it frozen. [9] The melting of Greenland's ice sheet is linked to polar amplification. Because that temperature difference provides the main fuel for the polar jet stream (a river of strong wind at levels where jet aircraft fly), the predominantly west winds of the jet stream weaken. People have debated since the 1970s about whether to develop this pristine area, but Congress has not given any approval to drill or mine there. The Sun's rays hit the poles at a very shallow angle and the summer sunlightwhile long-lastingis too weak to provide much heat. The surrounding six Arctic states that border the Arctic OceanCanada, Kingdom of Denmark (with Greenland), Iceland, Norway, Russia, and the United Statesare limited to a 200 nautical miles (370km; 230mi) exclusive economic zone (EEZ) off their coasts. Two separate effects on upper-level characteristics are anticipated: weaker poleward thickness gradients cause slower zonal winds, and enhanced high-latitude warming causes 500 hPa heights to rise more than in mid-latitudes, which . The thick ice that covers about 80% of Greenland is the last remnant of massive ice sheets that covered much of North America, Europe, and Asia during the Ice Ages of the Pleistocene era (starting 1.6 million years before the present and ending about 10,000 years ago). Arctic humans, like polar bears, survive the winter by insulating themselves. These storehouses, which resemble log cabins, are notable for being elevated on stilts, centimeters or even meters from the ground. Mineral resources also include gemstones and rare earth elements, which are used in batteries, magnets, and scanners. Fish, whales, and other ocean species travel north to feed and mate in nutrient-rich open waters along the Arctic coastlines. [49], Apart from concerns regarding the detrimental effects of warming in the Arctic, some potential opportunities have gained attention. Sometimes the area is also referred to as the Euro-Arctic Region. An example of this is the phenomenon of Arctic haze, which is commonly blamed on long-range pollutants. Scientists are concerned that a small rise in Earth's average temperature could greatly affect the arctic and subarctic environment by melting the permafrost. The ice is constantly moving, making it nearly impossible to establish a permanent community. The tundra comes to life in late spring when the pack ice begins to retreat and the permafrost thaws. How? High winds often stir up snow, creating the illusion of continuous snowfall. The Dorset/Thule culture transition dates around the ninth10th centuries CE. Due to thermohaline circulation, the Arctics thick, reflective sea ice moderates ocean temperatures around the world. 10. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. The great abundance of water on the surface of Earth includes a great quantity of ice in the Polar Regions and high, Antarctica, the coldest and second-smallest continent (after Australia), is centered on the South Pole and is situated almost entirely within the Ant, Arcoverde de Albuquerque Cavalcanti, Joaquim, Arconville, Marie Genevive Charlotte Thiroux D, Arco, Georg Wilhelm Alexander Hans, Graf Von, https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/arctic-and-subarctic-regions. Permafrost is a problem for the engineers who build roads, buildings, and pipelines in the tundra. A similar situation may also have been found amongst dinosaurs that lived in Antarctic regions, such as the Muttaburrasaurus of Australia. For GNSS, presently GPS and Glonass but in the future also for Galileo, the performance in the Arctic region is reduced compared to the performance obtained by users at mid latitudes. The ship, filled with more than 1,500 tourists, made the journey in three weeks. Scarcer food sources also drive polar bears into more contact with human populations, often relying on trash heaps for nutrition. The Arctic Circle is a circle of latitude encompassing the northernmost pole of the Earth and is located at approximately 663345.6 north of the Equator. The Arctic Circle is one of the two polar circles, and the most northerly of the five major circles of latitude as shown on maps of Earth. Many Arctic animals even change their coloration seasonally. The Lomonosov Ridge is an undersea mountain chain that stretches from the Canadian Arctic, through the North Pole, all the way to the waters off Siberia. [43], The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms. Engineers and geographers estimate that oil and gas deposits in the Arctic make up 13% of the worlds undiscovered petroleum resources, and 30% of undiscovered natural gas resources. The Arctic Circle is a circle of latitude that runs 663345.9 north of the Equator. Most scientists define the Arctic as the area within the Arctic Circle, a line of latitude about 66.5 north of the Equator. . Konyshev, Valery & Sergunin, Alexander. Due to the major impacts to the region from climate change the near climate future of the region will be extremely different under all scenarios of warming. Arctic Circle Map The Arctic Circle is the imaginary line located at 66, 30'N latitude and marks the southernmost boundary of the Arctic region. . Most of the Arctic, however, is the liquid saltwater of the Arctic ocean basin. An icebreaker is a very powerful ship capable of breaking up kilometers of sea ice, sometimes several meters thick. People in the ArcticIndigenous CulturesPeople established communities and cultures in the Arctic thousands of years ago, and continue to thrive today. Permafrost melts when heat from engines or furnaces escapes into the ground, and structures sink or collapse when the ground turns to soupy mud or quicksand beneath them. Polar bears live in the Arctic. The arctic tundra can be found in the northern parts of North America, Europe, and Asia. Experts estimate that shipping time may be cut by 40% if the Northwest and Northeast passages were ice-free all year. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Explorers such as John Cabot, Martin Frobisher, and Henry Hudson all failed to find an open-water route. The North Pole lies under a zone of dry, sinking air in the atmosphere (mass of air surrounding Earth), and the Arctic and is a windblown, frozen desert that receives very little snow each year (it almost never rains there because it is too cold). Temperatures rarely rise above freezing. Radford College Virtual Geography Department. Indigenous Arctic communities face tremendous challenges, often the result of colonization and exploitation of land and energy resources. Study now. Scientists theorize that there may have been cross-contact of the two cultures with sharing of technology, such as fashioning harpoon heads, or the Thule may have found Dorset remnants and adapted their ways with the predecessor culture. Extractive activities are allowed in the refuge, as long as the U.S. Congress approves. In particular, there are concerns that Arctic shrinkage, a consequence of melting glaciers and other ice in Greenland, could soon contribute to a substantial rise in sea levels worldwide. An agreement between the government of Canada and Inuit bands, for instance, ultimately resulted in the creation of the territory of Nunavut in 1999. The Polar Regions are defined by the Antarctic and Arctic Circles. River mouths, calving glaciers, and constantly moving ocean currents contribute to a vibrant marine ecosystem in the Arctic. Antarctic Latitudes. The arctic region sits inside the Arctic Circle and the subarctic region lies just below it. The Arctic region, or the Arctic, is a geographic region spreading around the North Pole. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. In the spring, the ice begins to melt back toward the North Pole. It breaks into large chunks of ice called icebergs and fleets of icebergs float in the open ocean. Challenges of Indigenous CulturesRights to land and natural resources are an important part of contemporary culture and survival of indigenous peoples in the Arctic. The Dorset culture evolved because of technological and economic changes during the period of 1050550 BCE. Balmy ArcticThe Arctic is mostly an ocean surrounded by land. Global sea level and ocean water chemistry change when the amount of glacial ice (large masses of moving ice) on the northern continents and islands changes. Resources in the Arctic The Arctic has enormous deposits of oil and natural gas. Depending upon the context, the Arctic Desert may refer to the larger Arctic region that receives little precipitation of any form, or in the context of detailing a collection of three North Pole islands located above 75 degrees North Latitude. In the winter, machinery can freeze, and the frozen ground becomes too hard to drill. Many people think that the Arctic Region is only Nunavut, the Yukon and Northwest Territories when really, the Arctic is everything that is north of the 60 N parallel (latitude) . [47], Climate change is also predicted to have a large impact on tundra vegetation, causing an increase of shrubs,[48] and having a negative impact on bryophytes and lichens. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Starting in the late 20th century, regional, national, and international organizations increasingly recognized the political and cultural sovereignty of Arctic peoples. The historically nomadic Sami (an indigenous people of Scandinavia and northwestern Russia) also built temporary tent-like structures, called lavvu. Description. There are no permanent settlements above 78 north latitude. The Earth's axial tilt fluctuates within 2 degrees over a 40,000 year period. The Northwest Passage is still the most lucrative shipping lane in the Arctic. Oil in ANWRThe Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), situated on Alaskas northeastern coast, is the largest protected wilderness in the United States. Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places. Polar bears that do survive are less likely to produce healthy offspring, reducing the population over generations. Read aloud the statements to the class and ask them to mark True or False. Rovaniemi (62,667) in Finland is the largest settlement in the immediate vicinity of the Arctic Circle, lying 6km (4mi) south of the line. Riddle of the Ice: A Scientific Adventure into theArctic. [40][41], The Arctic is especially vulnerable to the effects of any climate change, as has become apparent with the reduction of sea ice in recent years. Marine mammals include seals, walrus, and several species of cetaceanbaleen whales and also narwhals, orcas, and belugas. Birds and mammals travel north to join those that stayed for the winter. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). With the exception of the Quebec/Labrador peninsula, the Dorset culture vanished around 1500 CE. [22][27] Due to this, Norway (which ratified the convention in 1996),[28] Russia (ratified in 1997),[28] Canada (ratified in 2003)[28] and the Kingdom of Denmark (ratified in 2004)[28] launched projects to establish claims that certain sectors of the Arctic seabed should belong to their territories. The dashed lines mark 60 latitude. 2. The interest of the tourism industry is also on the increase. (The icy, subarctic interior of Siberia, in eastern Russia, holds that record.). When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. Loss of sea ice and warmer temperatures north of central Asia increase the intensity of the Siberian high pressure system. Treeless plains called tundra cover the arctic and subarctic zones between the edge of cool, snowy, northern forests (boreal forests) and the coastlines of the Arctic Ocean. The Barents Region consists of northernmost parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland and North-West Russia. The Arctic circle is defined as a single line of latitude - the current position of which is 663346.3N, which roughly translates to 66.5 degrees North of the equator. The land within the Arctic Circle is divided among eight countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, the United States (Alaska), Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland), and Iceland (where it passes through the small offshore island of Grmsey). This is true even during summer in the "land of the midnight sun." The Arctic experiences the extremes of solar radiation. Introduction to Biomes by Susan L. Woodward.http://www.radford.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/tundra/tundra.html (accessed on August 17, 2004). The climate north of the Arctic Circle is generally cold, but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream, which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice-free all year long. Arms, Myron. Population Centres in the North. Eskimo tribes of Siberia, Arctic North America, and Greenland live in snow shelters, hunt the tundra, and use boats called kayaks to fish the icy Arctic waters. Salekhard (51,186) in Russia is the only city in the world located directly on the Arctic Circle.[9]. The tundra is also relatively dry; it receives only a few inches (centimeters) of precipitation The Arctic Circle is one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth. Race for the ArcticAlmost all Arctic nations are scrambling to assert authority over the rich resources of the Arctic. In contrast, the largest North American community north of the Arctic Circle, Sisimiut (Greenland), has approximately 5,000 inhabitants. She or he will best know the preferred format. Most scientists define the Arctic as the area within the Arctic Circle, a line of latitude about 66.5 north of the Equator. Due to the prevailing worldwide sea and air currents, the Arctic area is the fallout region for long-range transport pollutants, and in some places the concentrations exceed the levels of densely populated urban areas. The Arctic Circle marks the southernmost latitude at which, on the December solstice, the shortest day of the year in the northern hemisphere, the sun will not rise all day, and on the June solstice, the longest day of the year in the northern hemisphere, the sun will not set. Huge, floating slabs of ice called pack ice crack and buckle as they constantly readjust to winds and currents. For other uses, see. In the coldest parts of the Arctic, much of the ground is bare; non-vascular plants such as lichens and mosses predominate, along with a few scattered grasses and forbs (like the Arctic poppy). Although some forests lie near the Arctic Circle, plant life is mostly limited to grasses, sedges, and tundra vegetation such as mosses and lichens. Most climatologists estimate that by the year 2100, most Arctic sea ice will melt every summer. Species of Arctic fox and Arctic hare, for example, are snowy white in winter but molt and grow a brownish or greyish fur coat during the summer months. The Arctic is a region of the planet, north of the Arctic Circle, and includes the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, Baffin Island, other smaller northern islands, and the far northern parts of Europe, Russia (Siberia), Alaska and Canada. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995. Vol. Coastal Arctic climates are moderated by oceanic influences, having generally warmer temperatures and heavier snowfalls than the colder and drier interior areas. More information: Recent Arctic amplification and extreme mid-latitude weather, Nature Geoscience (2014) DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2234 Abstract The Arctic region has warmed more than twice as fast as the . The Arctic is warming much faster than the rest of the planet, a phenomenon called Arctic amplification. Those islands are Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef, and Severnaya Zemlya, but for the usage . What latitude can the Arctic Circle Be Found? A ring of continental land masses and large islands surrounds the ice-covered Arctic Ocean over the North Pole. This is the parallel of latitude that (in 2000) runs 66.56083 degrees north of the Equator. Housing or other shelter, for example, poses unusual challenges for Arctic peoples. One common definition is the Arctic Circle, the parallel of latitude located at 66.33N. (October 27, 2022). An excellent and famous example of a ring species exists and has been described around the Arctic Circle in the form of the Larus gulls. image of Eskimos as fur-clad hunters that live in igloos instead of a diverse group of loosely-related arctic cultures that have their far-northern latitude in common. Potential methane release from the region, especially through the thawing of permafrost and methane clathrates, is also a concern. The 21st century is the century of the polar regions. The enhanced warming results in a massive loss in . In warmer weather, the Arctic permafrost can thaw and machinery can become unstable and damage the environment. When the AO is strongly positive, a strong mid-latitude jet stream steers storms northward, reducing cold air outbreaks in the mid-latitudes. The North American Arctic yields uranium, copper, nickel, iron, natural gas, and oil. Rights to land and natural resources are an important part of this sovereignty. Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route, Effects of global warming on marine mammals, List of countries where Arabic is an official language, Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests, Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pineoak forests, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arctic&oldid=1118201100, Articles with dead external links from June 2016, Articles with dead external links from July 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from July 2014, All articles needing additional references, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. This has brought polar bears into even closer contact with human populations, as well as prey species that have not adapted to the bears predatory behavior. This obviously implies that all lines of longtude (0 - 180 degrees) pass through it. Its southern equivalent is the Antarctic Circle. The general hypothesis is that when the Arctic warms faster than lower latitude regions, the north-south temperature difference is reduced. [3] Arctic land is bordered by the subarctic. The extent of sea ice in the Arctic is shrinking. In 2016, a luxury cruise ship traveled through the Northwest Passage for the first time. This albedo means about 80% of sunlight that strikes sea ice is reflected back to space. Starting at the prime meridian and heading eastwards, the Arctic Circle passes through: Northern Polar Circle Globe on Vikingen island marking the Arctic Circle in Norway, Arctic Circle sign by the Inland Line railway, Sweden, The white borderline of the Arctic Circle at the Santa Claus Village in Rovaniemi, Finland, Arctic Circle sign in the Republic of Karelia, Russia, Arctic Circle sign by the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia, A sign in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia, Arctic Circle marker on island of Grmsey in Iceland, This article is about one of the five major circles of latitude. The Arctic is also rich in minerals, such as nickel and copper ore. Maps of the Arctic Region. 50, No. [15], The earliest inhabitants of North America's central and eastern Arctic are referred to as the Arctic small tool tradition (AST) and existed c. 2500 BCE. . While each of these Arctic regions have their own distinct charms, the Arctic as a whole offers adventurers a unique polar experience. Its precipitation mostly comes in the form of snow and is low, with most of the area receiving less than 50cm (20in). The Arctic Circle is roughly 16,000km (9,900mi) in circumference. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. This coloring helps camouflage them in heavy snow and ice. NB: This refers to the true geometric center which actually appears higher in the sky because of refraction by the atmosphere. Ironically, Greenland is very icy and not particularly green, while neighboring Iceland is green and not particularly icy. Byers is a known expert on the Arctic region. Another example is with the bioaccumulation of PCB's (polychlorinated biphenyls) in Arctic wildlife and people. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"f8K3IVPOX3gFKEjN1eB803_KgG7G0HVirAujFlU1s8U-86400-0"}; ARCTIC. [11] Perhaps the most alarming result of this is Arctic sea ice shrinkage. Because open water has a much lower albedo than ice,. Arctic Vast region of icy seas and cold lands around the North Pole, often defined as extending from the Pole to the Arctic Circle. A Naturalist's Guide to the Arctic. A polar day receives 24 hours of daylight, while a polar night experiences 24 hours of darkness. In total, permafrost underlies about one-quarter of the land surface in the Northern Hemisphere. Latitude: 6732'N. Kirovsk is a town in Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located at the spurs of the Khibiny Massif on the shores of the . It is also the least salty, due to low evaporation and huge influxes of freshwater from rivers and glaciers. Encyclopedia.com. ARCTIC. [20] Others believe the Thule displaced the Dorset. Glaciology is the study of ice and its effects. Igloos were just one type of Inuit dwelling. // Where is liquid. 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