The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. [24], Diphyllobothrium exhibits a more complex, three-phase lifecycle. [39] An alternative to albendazole is mebendazole for at least 3 to 6 months. The non-parasitic flatworms, traditionally grouped as the "Turbellaria", are paraphyletic, as the parasitic Neodermata including the Cestoda arose within that grouping. Double row of 25-30 large and small brown chitinous hooks arranged around a rostellum (small projection) at the top of the scolex. Saving Lives, Protecting People, DPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Extraction of Parasite DNA from Fecal Specimens, Morphologic comparison of intestinal parasites, Tissue specimens for free-living amebae(FLA), Sputum, induced sputum, and bronchoalveolar avage (BAL), Procedure for demonstration of pinworm eggs, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. A dark area called an inclusion mass (possibly concentrated cytoplasm) is often also present. kellyi, for which the only currently known host is humans.Strongyloides spp. Range, 75-95 m x 40-50 m. [19], Also like many other parasite infections, the course of Echinococcus infection is complex. Rudimentary apical rostellum without hooks. Usually fine granules evenly distributed. Toxocara canis (also known as dog roundworm) is a worldwide-distributed helminth parasite of dogs and other canids.The name is derived from the Greek word "toxon," meaning bow or quiver, and the Latin word "caro," meaning flesh.They live in the small intestine of the definitive host. The intermediate hosts are copepods and small fish, and the definitive hosts are waterbirds. bladder cancer and ectopic pregnancies due to female genital schistosomiasis. Small size, operculum and knob on posterior end. Four in mature cysts; not seen in unstained preparations, Occasionally granules or small oval masses seen, but bodies as seen in. 1 large, kidney shaped macronucleus. Prepare a bath and let your child soak for 15 minutes or so twice daily. Pumpkin-seed shape; tapers at each end. [39] However, in inoperable cases, chemotherapy by itself can also be used. [21] In addition to the difference in length, there are also differences in the hydatid cysts of the different species. 66 m x 44 m. Fibrils or flagella longitudinally in unstained cysts. There is also evidence showing that the Baltic Countries are endemic areas. [1] Treatment is often difficult. 28 m x 17 m. Usually fine granules evenly distributed. 2014. ), the vectors for Loa loa.The adult Loa loa filarial worm migrates throughout the subcutaneous tissues of humans, occasionally crossing into subconjunctival tissues of the eye where it can be easily observed. Small lateral spine is often seen or may appear as a small hook or knob located in a depression in the shell. [40], Tapeworms have occasionally appeared in fiction. [27] Because it spreads from host to host through contamination, pinworms are common among people living in close contact, and tends to occur in all people within a household. Inconspicuous. Spherical or oval. [1] In 2015, the cystic form caused about 1,200 deaths; down from 2000 in 1990. Consult your child's doctor to determine the cause and get treatment. In addition, if the cysts were to rupture while in the body, whether during surgical extraction of the cysts or by trauma to the body, the person would most likely go into anaphylactic shock and have high fever, pruritus (itching), edema (swelling) of the lips and eyelids, dyspnea, stridor and rhinorrhea. Rarely distinct. 2018;7(4):89-104. doi:10.5409/wjcp.v7.i4.89. The most common type of infection in Australia is Enterobius vermicularis and is particularly common in children. Preventive treatment, which [22], Although infection often occurs via ingestion of embryonated eggs by inadequate hand washing or nail biting, inhalation followed by swallowing of airborne eggs may occur rarely. In high-transmission areas, treatment may have to be repeated every year for several years. The WHO strategy for schistosomiasis control focuses on reducing disease through periodic, targeted treatment with praziquantel through the large-scale treatment (preventive chemotherapy) of affected populations. A fresh stool is preferred. Make sure your child's genitals and bottom stay clean. The definitive host then becomes infected after ingesting the cyst-containing organs of the infected intermediate host. They have no mouth, but absorb nutrients directly from the host's gut. For instance, if the person has cysts in the lungs and is symptomatic, they will have a cough, shortness of breath and/or pain in the chest. The medical condition associated with pinworm infestation is known as pinworm infection (enterobiasis) (a Humans function as accidental seabirds/cetaceans/pinnipeds), Cyclophyllidea (mammals mammals, or insects birds), The Taeniidae, including species such as the pork tapeworm and the beef tapeworm that often infect humans, may be the most basal of the 12 orders of the Cyclophyllidea. Pinworms are about the length of a staple. The most common type of infection in Australia is Enterobius vermicularis and is particularly common in children. The frequency of treatment is determined by the prevalence of infection in school-age children. Be sure to change underwear frequently, especially on hot days or during potty training when even small leaks can cause enough moisture to be a problem. This is probably due to the fact that polycystic echinococcosis is restricted to Central and South America, and that the way that humans become accidental hosts of E. oligarthrus and E. vogeli is still not completely understood. [20], An adult worm resides in the small intestine of a definitive host. In women, urogenital schistosomiasis may present with genital lesions, vaginal bleeding, pain during sexual intercourse, and nodules in the vulva. [1], Terminology used in this field is crucial, since echinococcosis requires the involvement of specialists from nearly all disciplines. Round or slightly oval. Occasionally granules present, but chromatoid bodies as seen in. Enterobius vermicularis. Is an elongate, tapered, or pointed structure located along ventral wall about the body length. Symptoms of pinworm infection include anal or vaginal itching. A gentle tap on the coverslip will usually reorient the egg. Entire communities living in highly endemic areas. [28], The most common form found in humans is cystic echinococcosis (also known as unilocular echinococcosis), which is caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. It involves regular treatment of all at-risk groups. [38] For example, praziquantel is an effective treatment for tapeworm infection, and is preferred over the older niclosamide. Editor/authors are masked to the peer review process and editorial decision-making of their own work and are not able to access this work Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Contractile vacuoles are present. [8], In the human manifestation of the disease, E. granulosus, E. multilocularis, E. oligarthrus and E. vogeli are localized in the liver (in 75% of cases), the lungs (in 515% of cases) and other organs in the body such as the spleen, brain, heart, and kidneys (in 1020% of cases). Enterobius Vermicularis (Pinworms) Sample of Enterobius Vermicularis. Pinworms are caused by Enterobius vermicularis and cause sleeplessness and itching around the anus. Treatment with albendazole, whether combined or not with praziquantel, is useful for smaller, uncomplicated cysts (< 5cm). Causal Agents. And How to Treat Them, Everything You Need to Know About Postpartum Poop, How To Tell the Difference Between Baby Acne and Eczema, How to Prevent Thrush While Breastfeeding, The Side Effects Kids Could Experience After the COVID-19 Vaccine, At-Home Treatments for Postpartum Hemorrhoids. should be repeated over a number of years, will reduce and prevent morbidity. In S. mansoni transmission areas, CCA (Circulating Cathodic Antigen) test can also be used. [21] Pinworms are an exception to the tenet that intestinal parasites are uncommon in affluent communities. Immature cysts with 1 or 2 often seen. [21], A fossilized nematode egg was detected in 240 million-year-old fossil dung,[28] showing that parasitic pinworms already infested pre-mammalian cynodonts. [2], Cestodes are parasites of vertebrates, with each species infecting a single definitive host or group of closely related host species. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Often coated with debris and may be overlooked. There may be few or no symptoms, and the first indication of the infection may be the presence of one or more proglottids in the stools. [11][53][54], Two calcified objects recovered from a 3rd- to 4th-century grave of an adolescent in Amiens (Northern France) were interpreted as probable hydatid cysts. Schistosomiasis is diagnosed through the detection of parasite eggs in stool or urine specimens. Range, 26-30 m x 11-15 m. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. The entire lifecycle from egg to adult takes place in the human gastrointestinal tract of a single human host. Estimates show that at least 236.6 million people required preventive treatment for schistosomiasis in 2019, out of which more than 105.4 million people were reported to have been treated. However, there are studies being conducted that are looking at possible vaccine candidates for an effective human vaccine against echinococcosis.[37]. 2014. In some areas the common names seatworm and threadworm are used (the latter of which is sometimes also used to refer to Strongyloides stercoralis). [7] The medical condition associated with pinworm infestation is known as pinworm infection (enterobiasis)[8] (a type of helminthiasis) or less precisely as oxyuriasis in reference to the family Oxyuridae. [40] In the Early Modern period, Francesco Redi described and illustrated many parasites, and was the first to identify the cysts of Echinococcus granulosus seen in dogs and sheep as parasitic in origin; a century later, in 1760, Peter Simon Pallas correctly suggested that these were the larvae of tapeworms. Bladder cancer is another possible complication in the later stages. [35], Proper disposal of carcasses and offal after home slaughter is difficult in poor and remote communities and therefore dogs readily have access to offal from livestock, thus completing the parasite cycle of Echinococcus granulosus and putting communities at risk of cystic echinococcosis. However, a major limitation to schistosomiasis control has been the limited availability of praziquantel, particularly for the treatment of adults. Ellipsoidal, thin shell. Pinworm eggs are easily seen under a microscope. Range, 27-35 m x 11-20 m. Loa loa filariasis is a skin and eye disease caused by the nematode worm Loa loa.Humans contract this disease through the bite of a deer fly or mango fly (Chrysops spp. bovine fecal contamination), ingestion of oocyst through contaminated food, ingesting water or food contaminated with feces, intestines (mainly colon, but can cause liver failure if not treated), stool (fresh diarrheic stools have amoeba, solid stool has cyst), areas with poor sanitation, high population density and tropical regions, fecal-oral transmission of cyst, not amoeba, ingestion of water containing deer or beaver feces, fecal oral route ingestion of sporulated oocyst, visual identification of lesion or microscopic stain with Leishman's or Giemsa's stain, ingestion of uncooked/undercooked beef/pork with, worldwide: one of the most common human parasites; estimated to infect between, ingestion of uncooked/undercooked pork/lamb/goat with, female urogenital tract (males asymptomatic), sexually transmitted infection only trophozoite form (no cysts), 50,000 to 70,000 people; only found in Africa, colon, esophagus, heart, nerves, muscle and blood, ingestion of material contaminated by flour beetles, mealworms, cockroaches, Brain, muscle, Eye (Cysts in conjuntiva/anterior chamber/sub-retinal space), stool, blood, imaging of cysts in the brain or any soft tissue. Embryonated. Worms - threadworms - MyDr.com.au. Elongated with operculum on anterior end and pointed terminal knob on posterior end. 225 m 16 m. Range, 68-118 m x 39-67 m. To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: We take your privacy seriously. After baths, make sure the area is completely dry. The term elephantiasis is often used in reference to (symptoms caused by) parasitic worm infections, but may refer to a variety of as definite host: ingestion of undercooked pork; as intermediate host, ingestion of material contaminated by human feces from a person carrying the adult form. The approximate times when major groups first appeared is shown in millions of years ago. This exposes the host's immune system to cestode antigens, enabling the host to mount an antibody defence. In the Pseudophyllidea, many eggs are released in the brief period when their aquatic intermediate hosts are abundant (semelparity). [4][6] The economic cost of the disease is estimated to be around US$3 billion a year. [3][4] Species with small hosts tend to be small. Colorless. Often resemble rice grains in stool. The egg is then ingested by an intermediate host. are sometimes called 30 m x 12 m. U.S. National Library of Medicine. The diagnosis and treatment of pinworm infection, infestation of urinary tract leading to recurrent urinary tract infection, Pinworm infestation mimicking Crohns' disease, Superficial mycoses associated with diaper dermatitis, Perianal infectious dermatitis: An underdiagnosed, unremitting and stubborn condition, Irritation caused by spicy foods or citrus (especially orange juice). Noninvasive organisms may contain bacteria. [25] The prevalence of pinworms is not associated with gender,[25] nor with any particular social class, race, or culture. Oval. Children with, The eggs of intestinal schistosomiasis can be detected in faecal specimens through a technique using methylene blue-stained cellophane soaked in glycerin or glass slides, known as the Kato-Katz technique. There are 2 major forms of schistosomiasis intestinal and urogenital caused by 5 main species of blood fluke. Stephanie Brown is a parenting writer with experience in the Head Start program and in NAEYC accredited child care centers. vermicularis. Inadequate hygiene and contact with infected water make children especially vulnerable to infection. The medical condition associated with pinworm infestation is known as pinworm infection (enterobiasis) (a [19], For alveolar echinococcosis, surgical removal of cysts combined with chemotherapy (using albendazole and/or mebendazole) for up to two years after surgery is the only sure way to completely cure the disease. If you use scented toilet paper or wipes, try switching to plain varieties.. For instance, health education programs, improved water sanitation, improved hygiene and de-worming of hosts (particularly red foxes) are all effective to prevent and control the spread of alveolar echinococcosis. However, preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis, where people and communities are targeted for large-scale A fresh stool is preferred. Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease of tapeworms of the Echinococcus type. 8 in mature cyst. However, imaging is not the preferred method of diagnosis since the method that is currently considered the standard is the isolation of protoscoleces during surgery or after the person's death and the identification of definitive features of E. oligarthrus and E. vogeli in these isolated protoscoleces. The itching from pinworm can continue for a week after treatment. The stool sample was screened to find ova or adult females. [19], This article is about the organism. The nematodes (/ n m t o d z / NEM--tohdz or NEEM-Greek: ; Latin: Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant-parasitic nematodes also known as eelworms. Causal Agent. Pruritis ani expanded version. Schistosomiasis mostly affects poor and rural communities, particularly agricultural and fishing populations. Egg often asymmetrical with one side slightly flattened. [10] Other species seen in primates include Enterobius buckleyi in Orangutan[11] and Enterobius anthropopitheci in chimpanzee. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Adults considered to be at risk in endemic areas, and people with occupations involving contact with infested water, such as fishermen, farmers, irrigation workers, and women whose domestic tasks bring them in contact with infested water. If cure is not achieved 3 wk after treatment, a second course of treatment is advised. Compact, well-defined mass. The cyst then slowly enlarges, creating protoscolices (juvenile scolices), and daughter cysts within the cyst. [14], The pinworm (genus Enterobius) is a type of roundworm (nematode), and three species of pinworm have been identified with certainty. This is one of the most common reasons for anal itching in young children, especially those who are just learning to use the potty. Symptoms of pinworm infection include anal or vaginal itching. [1] Alveolar disease usually begins in the liver, but can spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs or brain. If all else fails, there are a variety of anti-itch creams (usually containing hydrocortisone) that can safely be used in the area.. Causal Agents. Range, 28-30 m x 15-17 m. Broader than long. [19] The male and female pinworms mate in the ileum (i.e., last part of the small intestine),[19] whereafter the male pinworms usually die,[23] and are passed out with stool. Data for 2019 show that 44.5% of people requiring treatment were reached globally, with a [26], The major morphological difference among different species of Echinococcus is the length of the tapeworm. Striated outer membrane and thin inner membrane with slight poles. There has been mention of it in the Talmud. The reproductive system includes one or more testes, cirri, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles as male organs, and a single lobed or unlobed ovary with the connecting oviduct and uterus as female organs. For people living in non-endemic or low-transmission areas, serological and immunological tests may be useful in showing exposure to infection and the need for thorough examination, treatment and follow-up. May be in short chains of 2-3 proglottids. 2014 Sep;88(3):381-3. Sensory function includes both tactoreception (touch) and chemoreception (smell or taste). [19] In addition to imaging and serology, identification of E. multilocularis infection via PCR or a histological examination of a tissue biopsy from the person is another way to diagnose alveolar echinococcosis. Although echinococcosis has been well known for the past two thousand years, it was not until the past couple of hundred years that real progress was made in determining and describing its parasitic origin. Smooth, thin eggshell with one flattened side. Small knob often seen on posterior end. If your child is showing signs of anal itching, it is a good time to review potty habits and ensure your child is clean and dry, no matter what the ultimate cause. Occasionally, eggs in advanced cleavage (16 or more cells) or even embryonated may be seen. Anterior end tapered and slightly curved. Pinworms are caused by Enterobius vermicularis and cause sleeplessness and itching around the anus. Large, discrete, usually eccentric but occasionally centrally located. [24], E. vermicularis causes the medical condition enterobiasis, whose primary symptom is itching in the anal area. [21] The egg-laying process begins about five weeks after initial ingestion of pinworm eggs by the human host. [11], Circular and longitudinal muscles lie under the neodermis, beneath which further longitudinal, dorso-ventral and transverse muscles surround the central parenchyma. (2006) contend that E. gregorii is a younger stage of E. ingestion of material contaminated with infected dog or cat feces (humans: gall bladder ducts and inflammation of liver, ingestion of under prepared freshwater fish, ingestion of infested water plants or water (intermediate host:amphibic snails), Siberia, Manchuria, Balkan states, Israel, Spain, consuming infected raw, slightly salted or frozen fish, ingestion of raw or undercooked freshwater crabs crayfishes or other crustaceans, Africa, Caribbean, eastern South America, east Asia, Middle East 200 million people, skin exposure to water contaminated with infected freshwater snails, intestine, liver, spleen, lungs, skin, rarely infects the brain, Africa, Caribbean, South America, Asia, Middle East 83 million people, skin exposure to water contaminated with infected, skin exposure to contaminated water (snails and vertebrates), ingestion of infected faeces or infected slugs, ingestion of raw fish, squid, cuttlefish, octopus. [31] In addition to ultrasonography, both MRI and CT scans can and are often used although an MRI is often preferred to CT scans when diagnosing cystic echinococcosis since it gives better visualization of liquid areas within the tissue. The nematode (roundworm) Enterobius vermicularis is widely known as the human pinworm due to the females long, pointed tail. Lacks prominent shoulders characteristic of. Contains C shaped or tadpole-like embryo. Range, 57-76 m x 35-47 m. Resembles egg of. J Helminthol. [24] The female emerges from the anus to obtain the oxygen necessary for the maturation of the eggs. Wuchereria bancrofti is a filarial (arthropod-borne) nematode (roundworm) that is the major cause of lymphatic filariasis.It is one of the three parasitic worms, together with Brugia malayi and B. timori, that infect the lymphatic system to cause lymphatic filariasis.These filarial worms are spread by a variety of mosquito vector species. Usually nonprogressive but may be progressive occasionally. Parasitic worms, also known as helminths, are large macroparasites; adults can generally be seen with the naked eye.Many are intestinal worms that are soil-transmitted and infect the gastrointestinal tract.Other parasitic worms such as schistosomes reside in blood vessels.. [1] Diagnosis is usually by ultrasound though computer tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may also be used. [50] A study of remains from two 8,000-year-old cemeteries in Siberia showed presence of echinococcosis. A significant amount of praziquantel, to treat more than 100 million children of the school age per year, has been pledged by the private sector and development partners. Vermox: 500 mg PO as a single dose WHO develops technical guidelines and tools for use by national control programmes. Space between membranes may appear smooth or faintly granular. 550 m 20 m. They are released and leave the host in feces, or migrate outwards as independent motile proglottids. The perianal area is the best place to get a sample. All but amphilinids and gyrocotylids (which burrow through the gut or body wall to reach the coelom[6]) are intestinal, though some life-cycle stages rest in muscle or other tissues. Global Health Estimates 2016: Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000-2016. (More readily found on anal swabs than in feces). Usually spherical. [1] The cystic disease may be drained through the skin, followed by medication. 85 m x 53 m. The stool sample was screened to find ova or adult females. Most of the speciesand the best-knownare those in the subclass Eucestoda; they are ribbon-like worms as adults, known as tapeworms.Their bodies consist of many similar units known as proglottidsessentially packages of eggs which are regularly shed into the environment to [34], A number of strategies are geared towards prevention and control of alveolar echinococcosismost of which are similar to those for cystic echinococcosis. The pinworm (species Enterobius vermicularis), also known as threadworm (in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand) or seatworm, is a parasitic worm.It is a nematode (roundworm) and a common intestinal parasite or helminth, especially in humans. Schistosomiasis control focuses on reducing disease through periodic, large-scale population treatment with praziquantel; a more comprehensive approach including potable water, adequate sanitation, and snail control would also reduce transmission. Elongated, asymmetrical with one side flattened, other side convex. [30], Similar to the diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis and cystic echinococcosis, the diagnosis of polycystic echinococcosis uses imaging techniques, in particular ultrasonography and CT scans, to detect polycystic structures within the person's body. [36], In ancient Greece, the comic playwright Aristophanes and philosopher Aristotle described the lumps that form during cysticercosis as "hailstones". It may affect the genitalia. A pinworm (threadworm) is a small, thin, white roundworm (nematode) called Enterobius vermicularis that sometimes lives in the colon and rectum of humans. Peter Marren and Richard Mabey in Bugs Britannica write that Irvine Welsh's sociopathic policeman in his 1998 novel Filth owns a talking tapeworm, which they call "the most attractive character in the novel"; it becomes the policeman's alter ego and better self. Mycopathologia. Nerves emanate from the ganglion to supply the general body muscular and sensory endings, with two lateral nerve cords running the length of the strobila. Small, discrete. The nematode (roundworm) Enterobius vermicularis is widely known as the human pinworm due to the females long, pointed tail. The nematode (roundworm) Enterobius vermicularis is widely known as the human pinworm due to the females long, pointed tail. Rostellum may be retracted into a depression at the upper margin of the scolex. Pinworms, also known as Enterobius vermicularis, very commonly cause infections in kids, especially those in daycare. This can happen if other family members have recently had strep throat. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Enterobius Vermicularis (Pinworms) Sample of Enterobius Vermicularis. Egg resembles hookworm egg but has a thicker shell and an operculum. Diaper rash. The fossil Rugosusivitta, which was found in China at base of the Cambrian deposits in Yunnan [28] just above the Ediacaran-Cambrian border, has great similarities to present day Cestodians. J Helminthol. Enterobius Vermicularis (Pinworms) Sample of Enterobius Vermicularis. A person with intestinal worms may not have any symptoms, but threadworms (Enterobius vermicularis), the most common worm infection in Australia, often do cause symptoms. For cystic echinococcosis diagnosis, imaging is the main methodwhile serology tests (such as indirect hemagglutination, ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), immunoblots or latex agglutination) that use antigens specific for E. granulosus verify the imaging results. Humans are the only natural host of Enterobius vermicularis. 2-4 mm long 10-12 mm wide. [19], Very few countries are considered to be completely free of E. W. bancrofti is the most prevalent of the three The second most common form is alveolar echinococcosis (also known as alveolar colloid of the liver, alveolar hydatid disease, alveolococcosis, multilocular echinococcosis, "small fox tapeworm"), which is caused by Echinococcus multilocularis and the third is polycystic echinococcosis (also known as human polycystic hydatid disease, neotropical echinococcosis), which is caused by Echinococcus vogeli and very rarely, Echinococcus oligarthrus. Kashyap et al. By Stephanie Brown You should seek pediatric care if your child may have a pinworm infection. Large, usually eccentric. Recurrent paediatric pinworm infection of the vagina as a potential reservoir for Enterobius vermicularis. Occasionally oval, triangular, or other shapes. Occasionally super-nucleated cysts with 16 or more are seen. The two main types of the disease are cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis. Peripheral chromatin present. Smooth, thin eggshell with one flattened side. Enterobius vermicularis, Enterobius gregorii: intestines, anus stool; tape test around anus: widespread; temperate regions Gnathostomiasis: Gnathostoma spinigerum, Gnathostoma hispidum: subcutaneous tissues (under the skin) physical examination rare Southeast Asia Some parasitic worms, including leeches and monogeneans, are ectoparasites thus, they are not Updated March 9, 2020. The disease often starts without symptoms and this may last for years. [42], There are unproven claims that, around 1900, tapeworm eggs were marketed to the public as slimming tablets. Oval. For the organism, see, PAIR (puncture-aspiration-injection-reaspiration), "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 19902015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015", "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 19802015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015", "Echinococcosis [Echinococcus granulosus] [Echinococcus multilocularis] [Echinococcus oligarthrus] [Echinococcus vogeli]", "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010", "International consensus on terminology to be used in the field of echinococcoses", "Echinococcosis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "Emergence of polycystic neotropical echinococcosis", "The Pathology of Echinococcosis and the Current Echinococcosis Problem in Western Turkey", "Biological, Epidemiological, and Clinical Aspects of Echinococcosis, a Zoonosis of Increasing Concern - PMC", "HostSymbiont Relationships: Understanding the Change from Guest to Pest - PMC", "Biological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of echinococcosis, a zoonosis of increasing concern", "Echinococcosis (Dog Tapeworm Infection) - Infections", "Cystic echinococcosis in a domestic cat (, "Worldwide literature on epidemiology of human alveolar echinococcosis: a systematic review of research published in the twenty-first century", "Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans", "Hydatid cyst | Radiology Case | Radiopaedia.org", "Boiling sheep liver or lung for 30 minutes is necessary and sufficient to kill, "Immunity and vaccine control of Echinococcus granulosus infection in animal intermediate hosts", "A review of the diagnosis and management of liver hydatid cyst", "The Medical Letter (Drugs for Parasitic Infections)", "Spillage-free laparoscopic management of hepatic hydatid disease using the hydatid trocar canula", "PAIR: Puncture, Aspiration, Injection, Re-aspiration An option for the treatment of cystic echinococcosis", "First successful puncture, aspiration, injection, and re-aspiration of hydatid cyst in the liver presenting with anaphylactic shock in Korea", "Global socioeconomic impact of cystic echinococcosis", "Review on Epidemiology and Public Health Significance of Hydatidosis - PMC", "Echinococcus spp.
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