Vast industrialisation was initiated mostly based with a focus on heavy industry. It has a Hemi. By the twentieth century, a number of parochial schools for Francophone students opened, though they gradually closed later in the century and a large share of the French-speaking population left the Church. YOU support students. The socio-economic nature of MarxistLeninist states, especially that of the Soviet Union during the Stalin era, has been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of bureaucratic collectivism, state capitalism, state socialism, or a totally unique mode of production. Despite its long history in Barcelona, bullfighting was outlawed across the Catalonia region in 2010 following a campaign led by an animal-rights civic platform called "Prou!" [15][16] The muleta is thought to be red to mask the bull's blood, although the color is now a matter of tradition. Once isolated by the waters of the Scheldt, it has retained its towers and walls and especially buried ducts. Beginning in September 1977, Kampuchea and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam continually engaged in border clashes. [32] Immigration from Quebec dwindled in the 1920s. "[174] When asked to comment on the claim that former citizens of socialist states now enjoy increased freedoms, Heinz Kessler, former East German Minister of National Defence, replied: "Millions of people in Eastern Europe are now free from employment, free from safe streets, free from health care, free from social security. The Saint-Julien hospital, which housed the poor and the sick, was founded in 1070. The remains of the 9th French Army and General Giraud were taken prisoner by the Germans.[46][47]. However it was rescinded eight years later by his successor, Pope GregoryXIII, at the request of King PhilipII. [114] In that time, Stalin's centralised, socialism in one country rgime had negatively associated Lenin's revolutionary Bolshevism with Stalinism, i.e. Towards the end of the Roman Empire, Cambrai replaced Bavay as the "capital" of the land of the Nervii. [33], Until the early twentieth century, the horses were unprotected and were commonly gored and killed, or left close to death (intestines destroyed, for example). It is in the heart of the urban unit of Cambrai with 46,772 inhabitants. In Russia, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation has remained a significant political force, winning the 1995 Russian legislative election, almost winning the 1996 Russian presidential election, amid allegations of United States foreign electoral intervention, and generally remaining the second most popular party. )government consumption: 23.6% (2017 est. Franois de Beaurepaire[36] notes that it may also be a pre-Latin camar or cambar theme. In total, more than 1,500 buildings were totally destroyed, of the 3,500 which consisted of Cambrai. )$45,800 (2019 est. In 2018, the commune had 32,501 inhabitants.[4]. Next, a picador enters the arena on horseback armed with a vara (lance). [128] Hours later the police arrested him and charged him with a fine, but they released him after crowds of angry fans surrounded the police station. The relief map of the city, as it was at the end of the 17th century, is the starting point for essential guided tours of the city. [90] Yukari Takai has studied the impact of recurrent cross-border migration on family formation and gender roles among Franco-Americans. This has been promoted by MarxismLeninism as the means to achieve women's emancipation. In response to Mao's apparently unorthodox deviations, Enver Hoxha, head of the Albanian Labour Party, theorised anti-revisionist MarxismLeninism, referred to as Hoxhaism, which retained orthodox MarxismLeninism when compared to the ideology of the post-Stalin Soviet Union. ), representing several thousand jobs. See world news photos and videos at ABCNews.com As the Soviet state was born at this moment of total war, it institutionalised state intervention as permanent features of governance. [126] The MarxistLeninist economic rgime modernised Russia from the illiterate, peasant society characteristic of monarchy to the literate, socialist society of educated farmers and industrial workers. When these women did marry, they had fewer children with longer intervals between children than their Canadian counterparts. Questia. France's leaders remain committed to a capitalism in which they maintain social equity by means of laws, tax policies, and social spending that mitigate economic inequality. The Muse des beaux-arts of Cambrai[fr], opened in 1847 to present revolutionary seizures, has been installed since 1893 in a mansion of the 18th century, the Hotel de Francqueville. In the legislative elections of 2007, Franois-Xavier Villain, the candidate related to the UMP and who was also the incumbent Mayor of Cambrai, achieved 57.42% in the first round (48.03% in the constituency). United Methodist Student Day honors and celebrates students in our United Methodist congregations and around the world. Cambrai (US: / k m b r e, k -/, French: (); Picard: Kimbr; Dutch: Kamerijk), formerly Cambray and historically in English Camerick or Camericke, is a city in the Nord department and in the Hauts-de-France region of France on the Scheldt river, which is known locally as the Escaut river.. A sub-prefecture of the department, Cambrai is a town which had 32,501 inhabitants in [82], The La Voix du Nord regional daily publishes a local edition. The architect Louis Marie Cordonnier described the prospects to elected representatives: The centre of the city is completely razed and destroyed. Before 1920 French Canadian neighborhoods were sometimes known as "Little Canada". [citation needed], The media often reports the more horrific of bullfighting injuries, such as the September 2011 goring of matador Juan Jos Padilla's head by a bull in Zaragoza, resulting in the loss of his left eye, use of his right ear, and facial paralysis. The bulls themselves are generally fairly small, much less imposing than the adult bulls employed in the corrida. The city, after having constantly re-elected a Socialist mayor from the Liberation until 1977 in the person of Raymond Gernez, has since been administered by mayors from RPR or the related UMP: Jacques Legendre until 1992, then Franois-Xavier Villain. Beauregard was a notably francophone Louisiana Creole. [169][170], The fact that MarxistLeninist governments confiscated private businesses and landholdings radically increased income and property equality in practice. Encyclopdia Britannica. The grand organs built in 1867 by Merklin were the subject of a significant transformation in 1978. Yugoslavia was dissolved in 1992. [189] MarxismLeninism asserts that society is united upon common interests represented through the communist party and other institutions of the MarxistLeninist state. Cambrai began to grow from a rural market into a real city during the Merovingian times, a long period of peace when the bishoprics of Arras and Cambrai were first unified (probably owing to the small number of clerics left at the time) and were later transferred to Cambrai, an administrative centre for the region. Several cities around the world (especially in Catalonia) have symbolically declared themselves to be Anti-Bullfighting Cities, including Barcelona in 2006. Later in the October Revolution, the Bolshevik's seizure of power against the Provisional Government resulted in their establishment of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (19171991), yet parts of Russia remained occupied by the counter-revolutionary White Movement of anti-communists who had united to form the White Army to fight the Russian Civil War (19171922) against the Bolshevik government. From 27 April until 18 August 1944, 18 Allied air raids were directed against the railway tracks, killing 250 people and destroying 1,700 buildings,[b 24] or more than 50% of the city. Between 1820 and 1920, 530,000 French people came to the United States, Most Franco Americans have a Roman Catholic heritage (which includes most French Canadians and Cajuns). [25][26] The centre was to be rebuilt, a task which was entrusted to the architect Pierre Leprince-Ringuet[fr]. [77], After 1960, the "Little Canadas" faded away. They include French-Canadian Americans, whose experience and identity differ from the broader community.. [52] When the island of Mallorca adopted a law in 2017 that prohibited the killing of a bull during a fight, this law was also declared partially unconstitutional by the Spanish Constitutional Court in 2018, as the judges ruled that the death of the bull was part of the essence of a corrida.[52]. This regiment was dissolved at the end of World War I. ", "Will Bullfighting Survive The Next Decade In Spain? First tercio: matador making another kind of Vernica. The survey found a correlation between age and opinion; younger survey participants were more likely to support a ban. [40] The Bolshevik Party lost in the 1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election, obtaining 23.3% of the vote, to the Socialist Revolutionary Party, which obtained 37.6%. Cambrai railway station is connected by direct trains (TER) to Lille, Douai, Valenciennes, Saint-Quentin, Reims. Outside Quebec, more than 160,000 Francophones study in their language at 624 primary and secondary institutions, managed by the communities. The first bullfight in Bogot in four years happened on 22 January 2017 amid clashes between antitaurino protesters and police.[101]. Petrin recognizes different political behaviors in large cities and in smaller centers. The Cuban Missile Crisis (2228 October 1962) occurred when the United States opposed Cuba being armed with nuclear missiles by the Soviet Union. However, according to the census of 1886, industry was supporting more than 9,000 people, while agriculture used only 2,000 at most. Roman Catholic 47%, Muslim 4%, Protestant 2%, Buddhists 2%, Orthodox 1%, Jewish 1%, other 1%, none 33%, unspecified 9%note: France maintains a tradition of secularism and has not officially collected data on religious affiliation since the 1872 national census, which complicates assessments of France's religious composition; an 1872 law prohibiting state authorities from collecting data on individuals' ethnicity or religious beliefs was reaffirmed by a 1978 law emphasizing the prohibition of the collection or exploitation of personal data revealing an individual's race, ethnicity, or political, philosophical, or religious opinions; a 1905 law codified France's separation of church and state, 0-14 years: 18.36% (male 6,368,767/female 6,085,318)15-24 years: 11.88% (male 4,122,981/female 3,938,938)25-54 years: 36.83% (male 12,619,649/female 12,366,120)55-64 years: 12.47% (male 4,085,564/female 4,376,272)65 years and over: 20.46% (2020 est.) The matador confronts the bull with the capote, performing a series of passes and observing the behavior and quirks of the bull. The Sino-Albanian split was caused by Albania's rejection of China's Realpolitik of SinoAmerican rapprochement, specifically the 1972 MaoNixon meeting which the anti-revisionist Albanian Labour Party perceived as an ideological betrayal of Mao's own Three Worlds Theory that excluded such political rapprochement with the West. In 2007, the work to modernise and expand the central hospital was undertaken. The zone of South Cambrai Proville, one kilometre to the south of Cambrai, on the. They are appointed, if they accept it, "Juventus Winners" during their first participation in a Juventus festival. [43] Bette Ford was the first American woman to fight on foot in the Plaza Mxico, the world's largest bullfight arena. Find out about how we provide professional development opportunities and networks for our alumni. It concedes the management of the public service energy distribution to. Franco-American political figures from New England include U.S. [citation needed] Etchings by painter Francisco de Goya depict these events. Consequently, there is less of a unified French American identity as with other European American ethnic groups, and French descent is highly concentrated in Louisiana and New England. Afterward, the bulls are herded back to their pen by gardians (Camarguais cowboys) in a bandido, amidst a great deal of ceremony. Animal welfare investigations into the practice revealed that some bulls are poked with sticks and scythes, some have their tails twisted, some are force-fed alcohol to disorient them, and in some cases chili powder and other irritants are applied to bulls' eyes and genitals to agitate the animals. ), household consumption: 54.1% (2017 est. The two best-known gastronomic specialties of Cambrai are the Andouillette de Cambrai[fr], a sausage traditionally made of ground veal (which was prohibited by European regulations, following the episode of mad cow disease, until 2015), which associated gastronomic society is one of the most representative in the region, and the Btise de Cambrai, a coated mint confection which is one of the most emblematic gourmet specialties of France. Buzuev, Vladimir; Gorodnov, Vladimir (1987). Elite "Francos" continued to prefer the GOP. [b 30]. The state with the largest proportion [197], The MarxistLeninist worldview is atheist, wherein all human activity results from human volition and not the will of supernatural beings (gods, goddesses and demons) who have direct agency in the public and private affairs of human society. Half Leather - 0.91.1mm. The most relevant sacrament is now called "Anointing of the Sick"; it was formerly known as "Extreme Unction", or the "Last Rites". The state serves as a safeguard for the ownership and as the coordinator of production through a universal economic plan. The Kppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate). The Trait du Nord national competition is traditionally held during the last weekend of July at the Palais des Grottes. [52] The Spanish national parliament passed a law in 2013 stating that bullfighting is an 'indisputable' part of Spain's 'cultural heritage'; this law was used by the Spanish Constitutional Court in 2016 to overturn the Catalan ban of 2012. The anti-revisionists criticise some rule of the communist states by claiming that they were state capitalist countries ruled by revisionists. [109], Initial Bolshevik economic policies from 1917 to 1918 were cautious, with limited nationalisations of the means of production which had been private property of the Russian aristocracy during the Tsarist monarchy. French Americans or Franco-Americans (French: Franco-Amricains), are citizens or nationals of the United States who identify themselves with having full or partial French or French-Canadian heritage, ethnicity and/or ancestral ties. One of such cases happened in 2022 in Colombia, when several people were killed and more than 300 were injured after a stand collapsed during the bullfight. Learn more about the Canadian Francophonie. [4] With Lille and the towns of the former Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin, it is also part of the Metropolitan area of Lille[fr] which has more than 3.8 million inhabitants. In 1983, the United States invasion of Grenada (2529 October 1983) thwarted the assumption of power by the elected government of the New Jewel Movement (19731983), a MarxistLeninist vanguard party led by Maurice Bishop. This style was common in the early 19th century. The Department of Canadian Heritage supports two official languages funding programs from which several initiatives are derived. [42] Patricia McCormick began bullfighting as a professional Matadora in January 1952, and was the first American to do so. )imports: 46,105,385,000 cubic meters (2020 est. In the presidential election of 2007 the results of the second round were very close to national figures: 54.07% for Nicolas Sarkozy and 45.93% for Sgolne Royal, against respectively 53.06% and 46.94% at the national level. Despite these works, floods were frequent. The Special Sunday offering funds scholarships for students who are discerning their spiritual gifts and developing leadership skills. France rejoined NATO's integrated military command structure in 2009, reversing DE GAULLE's 1966 decision to withdraw French forces from NATO. [222] In contrast, E. Van Ree wrote that Stalin considered himself to be in "general agreement" with the classical works of Marxism until his death. In the United States, there are several MarxistLeninist parties, such as the Communist Party USA and the Party for Socialism and Liberation. For example, competitions for Coupe Jeannot Lafittau are arranged with cows without ropes. [179] This pro-consumerist policy has been advanced on the lines of industrial pragmatism as it advances economic progress through bolstering industrialisation. To realise that leap of Marxist faith in the development of Chinese socialism, the Chinese Communist Party developed Maoism as the official state ideology. This led to the city earning the nickname "Paris of the Pacific". The status of French. [49], In the first round of the presidential election of 2012, the four candidates in the lead in Cambrai were Nicolas Sarkozy (UMP, 28.29%), Franois Hollande (PS, 27.56%), Marine Le Pen (FN, 20.81%) and Jean-Luc Mlenchon (Left Front, 10.14%) with a turnout of 72.61%. In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev rose to power in the Soviet Union and began policies of radical political reform involving political liberalisation, called perestroika and glasnost. Under colonels James Livingston and Moses Hazen, they saw military action across the main theaters of the Revolutionary War. According to a chronicle of the time, in 1128 " when Alfonso VII of Len and Castile married Berengaria of Barcelona daughter of Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona at Saldaa among other celebrations, there were also bullfights. In 1989, the Contra War concluded with the signing of the Tela Accord at the port of Tela, Honduras. [48] The first American tanks entered the city on 2 September. [a 1]. Rascally rabbits. To the Albanian MarxistLeninists, the Chinese dealings with the United States indicated Mao's lessened, practical commitments to ideological orthodoxy and proletarian internationalism. In 1657, the Vicomte de Turenne captured Cambrai. Subprefecture and commune in Hauts-de-France, France, Label renewed by Ministerial Decree of 17 September 2003, The honourable ordinaries are large enough to be able to be 'honoured' (. Consequent to Chinese military intervention in behalf of North Korea, the magnitude of the infantry warfare reached operational and geographic stalemate (July 1951July 1953). [23], The agglomeration community of Cambrai is the organising authority of urban transport. By 5 April, the city surrendered, given the same benefits as Lille in 1667,[b 2] but the Spanish garrison took refuge in the citadel and the siege continued until 17 April. [41], In 958 one of the first communal uprisings in Europe occurred in Cambrai. [89] Bullfighting was also banned for a period in Mexico in 1890; consequently some Spanish bullfighters moved to the United States to transfer their skills to the American rodeos.[90]. [177] Wages are set and differentiated according to skill and intensity of work. Louis XI immediately seized the opportunity to take control of Cambrai, but left the city a year later. Matadors are usually gored every season, with picadors and banderilleros being gored less often. After a stalemate confrontation, the United States and the Soviet Union jointly resolved the nuclear-missile crisis by respectively removing United States missiles from Turkey and Italy and Soviet missiles from Cuba.[151]. For other towns and cities, the urban community has delegated jurisdiction to the department. [96][97][98] While it is not very popular in Texas, bloodless forms of bullfighting occur at rodeos in small Texas towns.[99]. But the Constitutional Court of Colombia ruled that this violated the right to expression of the bullfighters, and ordered the bullrings to be reopened. )crude oil and lease condensate imports: 1,064,700 barrels/day (2018 est. Very rarely, if the public and the matador believe that the bull has fought extremely bravely and the breeder of the bull agrees to have it return to the ranch the event's president may grant a pardon (indulto). It employs a staff of 150 officers and has a non-medical staff of 1,200. Moreover, a river link between Paris and the Nord department had been projected as early as the time of Mazarin and Colbert. The work ended in 1951 with the drying of the small stream of Saint Benot near the Liberty Stadium, itself built on this wetland which dominated the ancient city walls, and in 1953 with the covering of the Clicotiau. Sri Lanka has had MarxistLeninist ministers in their national governments. In July 2018, animalist party PAN presented a proposal at the Portuguese Parliament to abolish all types of bullfighting in the country. For prestigious buildings, stone from the nearby villages of Noyelles-sur-Escaut, Rumilly or Marcoing was used. [154], With the end of the Vietnam War, Vietnam was reunited under Marxist-Leninlist government in 1976. An agricultural use of Cambrai to Marquion, now off line, was also open in 1898. to control the flow of rainwater. $2,832,170,000,000 (2020 est. A bishop of the Nervii by the name of Superior is mentioned in the middle of the 4th century, but nothing else is known about him. In the same period, Francophones from Quebec became a majority of workers in other regions and sectors, for instance the saw mill and logging camps in the Adirondack Mountains and their foothills. Villain: " On a pris des engagements qui doivent tre tenus ", "Cambrai: Les docks et entrepts en pleine mutation", "Runion publique avec les habitants de MartinMartine: ce qui va changer dans le quartier", "Note de prsentation du futur ple d'changes", "Centre de Recherche gnalogique Flandre-Artois", "Gascoigne, Catherine (16011676), abbess of Cambrai", "18 mai 1940 La seconde guerre mondiale au jour le jour", "Bombardements de Cambrai: soixante-dix ans plus tard, les habitants tmoignent", "Les rsultats de l'lection prsidentielle 2012", "Dialogue Bulletin d'informations municipales", "Le SIDEC, cette trange entit qui gre notre nergie", "Cambrai: Installation du conseil municipal, Franois-Xavier Villain lu maire pour la cinquime fois", "Direction de l'environnement: Service environnement cadre de vie dveloppement durable", "volution et structure de la population en 2017", "volution et structure de la population en 2017: Dpartement du Nord (59)", "Les circonscriptions du dpartement du Nord", "Universit de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrsis: antenne de Cambrai", "Cambrai: pas de Fodales l'an prochain", "Le palmars 2010. des hpitaux les plus srs", "Aviron: Dix clubs prsents pour les Rgates de Cambrai", "La course 2010. The state would control the means of production, suppress opposition, counter-revolution and the bourgeoisie, and promote Soviet collectivism, to pave the way for an eventual communist society that would be classless and stateless. The city was bombed by the Luftwaffe on 17 May 1940, during the Battle of France, before falling the next day at the same time as Saint-Quentin. the bourgeois exploiters and the exploited proletariat; that capitalism employs nationalist war to further private economic expansion; that socialism is an economic system that voids social classes through public ownership of the means of production and so will eliminate the economic causes of war; and that once the state (socialist or communist) withers away, so shall international relations wither away because they are projections of national economic forces, Lenin said that the capitalists' exhaustion of domestic sources of investment profit by way of price-fixing trusts and cartels, then prompts the same capitalists to export investment capital to undeveloped countries to finance the exploitation of natural resources and the native populations and to create new markets. The profit motive as a driving force for production is replaced by social obligation to fulfil the economic plan. Get the latest local Detroit and Michigan breaking news and analysis , sports and scores, photos, video and more from The Detroit News. He came to be known as the "Swan of Cambrai" ("le cygne de Cambrai"), in opposition to his friend and rival Bossuet, the "eagle of Meaux" ("l'aigle de Meaux"), and he wrote his Maxims of the Saints while residing in the city. [133] Strategically, the Wehrmacht's extensive and effective attack threatened the territorial integrity of the Soviet Union and the political integrity of Stalin's model of a MarxistLeninist state, when the Nazis were initially welcomed as liberators by the anti-communist and nationalist populations in the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The Church of Saint-Gry[fr], a listed historical monument since 26 November 1919,[106] is one of the oldest monuments of Cambrai. Cambrai is the seat of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Cambrsis[fr]. All the other candidates were below the national percentage of their party. [28], The proportion of house owners, at 44.3%, is lower than in the rest of the country (57.5%). The practice of bullfighting is controversial because of a range of concerns including animal welfare, funding, and religion. Some women never married and oral accounts suggest that self-reliance and economic independence were important reasons for choosing work over marriage and motherhood. In a secret meeting at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Khrushchev denounced Stalin and Stalinism in the speech On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences (25 February 1956) in which he specified and condemned Stalin's dictatorial excesses and abuses of power such as the Great purge (19361938) and the cult of personality. [45] Concerning Questions of Leninism (1926) represented MarxismLeninism as a separate communist ideology and featured a global hierarchy of communist parties and revolutionary vanguard parties in each country of the world. Balls of flammable material are attached to a bull's horns. [110], In 1921, the New Economic Policy restored some private enterprise to animate the Russian economy. The 'pragmatists versus survivalists' debate over the fate of the Franco-American community may be the ultimate weakness of Franco-American historiography. [95] This political defeat was aggravated by Tsar Nicholas II's political reformations of Imperial Russian government. The establishment of other Communist states after World War II resulted in Sovietisation, and these states tended to follow the Soviet MarxistLeninist model of five-year plans and rapid industrialisation, political centralisation, and repression. [15] For nearly a century they fostered a distinctive French Protestant identity that enabled them to remain aloof from American society, but by the time of the American Revolution they had generally intermarried and merged into the larger Presbyterian community. Its military role ended in the 16th century, when Charles V grabbed the city and ordered the construction, on Mont-des-Bufs northeast of the town, of a citadel for which 800 houses were demolished along with the Abbey of Saint Gaugericus. tape 4 Cambrai Reims", "Journal municipal: Le Cambrsien n 146", "Cambrai: Doyenn accueillant l'Archevch et la Cathdrale", "Il n'y aura pas de fusion entre les CCI de Cambrai et d'Arras", "Chiffres cls et Documentation, ministre de l'conomie et des Finances", "Indicateurs de la Communaut d'agglomration de Cambrai par thmes: entreprises", "La plate-forme multimodale de Cambrai-Marquion", "CC-Rsum statistique/com,dep,zone empl", "Impt de solidarit sur la fortune 2008", "Chemins de mmoire de la Grande Guerre en Nord-Pas-de-Calais", "Palmars 2009 du concours des Villes et Villages Fleuris", "Un service diocsain de la conservation du patrimoine: l'exemple du diocse de Cambrai (Nord)", "Enluminures mdivales de la bibliothque municipale de Cambrai", "Drapeau, armoiries et emblmes de Cambrai", "Oblitration illustre 1er jour Cambrai (Nord)", "Oblitration illustre 1er jour Paris (Muse des Arts et Mtiers), Blriot-Plage (Pas-de-Calais), Cambrai (Nord) et La Baule (Loire-Atlantique)", Cambray Proclamation of Louis XVIII, 28 June 1815, Silent short film from 1918 demonstrates the devastating effects of shelling, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cambrai&oldid=1116760217, Articles with dead external links from November 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with dead external links from June 2019, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing West Flemish-language text, Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata, Pages using infobox settlement with image map1 but not image map, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Dput of Nord (19731981), Minister, Senator. 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