[13] Orthodox Albanians under the Patriarchate of Constantinople had liturgy and schooling in Greek and toward the late Ottoman period mainly identified with Greek national aspirations. It remains a significant sector of the economy of Albania. [274], Albanian cinema has its roots in the 20th century and developed after the country's declaration of independence. How did Albania become a Muslim country? "Where may he be happy, and live with honor?" Few years after the dissolution of Arbanon, Charles of Anjou concluded an agreement with the Albanian rulers, promising to protect them and their ancient liberties. It will prospectively link Durrs on the Adriatic Sea across Pristina in Kosovo with the Pan-European Corridor X in Serbia. As Prime Minister, he implemented numerous reforms focused on modernising the economy, as well as democratising state institutions, including the country's judiciary and law enforcement. [319][320] The Albanian Orthodox Church officially refused to recognize the results, claiming that 24% of the total population adhered to its faith. [91] Italians exercised control over nearly every Albanian official through money and patronage. I am looking for marriage preferably or if not then building my network with other older Muslims. 1992 - Democratic Party wins elections. [64] Islam offered them equal opportunities and advancement within the Ottoman Empire. In Rathberger A. The Muslim knight Salem, a regular army officer, led 300 Lucerians - archers and lancers - to Vlora, in 1275. The government is secular and the Ministry of Education asserts that public schools in the country are secular and that the law prohibits ideological and religious indoctrination. The national hymn characterized neither Muhammad nor Jesus Christ, but King Zogu as "Shptimtari i Atdheut" (Savior of the Fatherland). Issues of ethnicity are a delicate topic and subject to debate. [116][117], Edi Rama of the Socialist Party won both the 2013 and 2017 parliamentary elections. JAKARTA: Indonesia, the world's largest Muslim-majority country, kicked off on Wednesday the Group of 20's first-ever Religion Forum ahead of the upcoming G20 summit in Bali. [245] In comparison to other developed and developing countries, Albania has a relatively low rate of obesity probably thanks to the health benefits of the Mediterranean diet. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo[c] to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south. [290] The latter questions the validity of the census data about the Greek minority, due to the fact that measurements have been affected by boycott. [36][37] Some Orthodox Albanians began to affiliate with the Albanian National movement causing concern for Greece and they worked together with Muslim Albanians regarding shared social and geo-political Albanian interests and aims. Perhaps the most remarkable feature of the country is the presence of numerous important lakes. Zhelyazkova, Antonina. Therefor the Albanian women are quite secular and prefer other matters as important. Send them back, ALL OF THEM. Skanderbeg managed to gather several of the Albanian principals, amongst them the Arianitis, Dukagjinis, Zaharias and Thopias, and establish a centralised authority over most of the non-conquered territories, becoming the Lord of Albania. There were some reported cases where workers filled out the questionnaire about religion without even asking the participants or that the workers used pencils which were not allowed. [152] Other than the Sunni related celebrations, the Sufis such as the Bektashi have a series of holidays and observances. Between the 18th and 19th centuries, cultural developments, widely attributed to Albanians having gathered both spiritual and intellectual strength, conclusively led to the Albanian Renaissance. The words Shqipri and Shqiptar are attested from 14th century onwards,[20] but it was only at the end of 17th and beginning of the early 18th centuries that the placename Shqipria and the ethnic demonym Shqiptar gradually replaced Arbria and Arbresh amongst Albanian speakers. Albanian Muslims are found throughout the country, but Catholics are more concentrated in the North, whereas Orthodox Albanians are located in Southern Albania. There has been a considerable increase in private car ownership and bus usage while rail use decreased since the end of communism. Kombsia dhe feja n Shqipri, 19201944 / Roberto Morocco dela Roka; e prktheu nga origjinali Luan Omari. However, when this effort failed to expel Ottoman rule from the area yet again, many of Kosovo's Catholics fled to Hungary. "The first injunction of the Qur'an is to "read'.We are taking a very important step . [296][297][298][299][300][301][302], The official language of the country is Albanian which is spoken by the vast majority of the country's population. [208], Conversion and Consolidation (15th18th centuries), National Awakening (19th and early 20th centuries), Balkan Wars (191213) and World War One (191418), Interwar period (191939): State interference and reforms, Communist period, state atheism and violent persecution (194591), Sunni Islam, transnational links, education and administrative institutions, Ethno-cultural Albanian identity and Islam, Religious observances, customs and culture, Debates about Islam and contemporary Albanian identity, Religious establishment views of Islam in Albania, Conservative Islam and Muslim fundamentalism, Islam and Albanian geo-political orientation, Julie Taylor: Muslims in Medieval Italy: The Colony at Lucera, p.106-108. "[65], The clergy were publicly vilified and humiliated, their vestments taken and desecrated. Unemployment has been steadily reduced, with Albania achieving the 4th lowest unemployment rate in the Balkans. [50][52] Government representatives were present at the congress. Its bishopric had been Catholic since 1167. There is no known direct relation of Alevjans to Turkish Alevis or Syrian Alawites except their ambiguous position between Sunnism and Shi'ism, also a characteristic of Bektashism. The Albanian people inhabited the west of Lake Ochrida and the upper valley of River Shkumbin and established the Principality of Arbanon in 1190 under the leadership of Progon of Kruja. (Orthodoxy is a kind of Greek Christianity). Pilgrims at Abaz Ali teqe on Mount Tomorr. Under communist rule from 1945 - 1990, Bektashism was banned in Albania. Considering that identity during the Ottoman centuries was defined primarily by religious affiliations, such questions in the post-Ottoman period loomed large in the burgeoning national and cultural identities. Before the end of November, the main German troops had withdrawn from Tirana, and the communists took control by attacking it. [65], The campaign against religion peaked in the 1960s. Islam in Albania mainly arrived during the Ottoman period when the majority of Albanians over time converted to Islam and in particular two of its denominations: Sunni and Bektashi (a Shia-Sufi order). The meaning of Europe in the discourse of Intellectuals in transitional Albania", Minderheitenschutz im stlichen Europa (Albanien) [Protection of minorities in Eastern Europe (Albania)], Return to Instability: How migration and great power politics threaten the Western Balkans, The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society, "Contradictory Inclinations? Butrint in the south, although dependent on Corfu, became Catholic and remained as such during the 14th century. [124] Some Muslim Albanians often refer to Orthodox Albanians as Greeks and attribute to them pro-Greek sentiments, while Orthodox Albanians view Muslim Albanians as having historically collaborated and identified with the Ottomans thereby earning the epithet Turk. The paradox, then, is that Kadare is a humanist who claims that the greatest riches of Albanian culture derive from its Christian tradition." According to the 2011 population census, 2,765,610 or 98.8% of the population declared Albanian as their mother tongue (mother tongue is defined as the first or main language spoken at home during childhood). [4][125][136] In a Pew research centre survey of Muslim Albanians in 2012, religion was important for only 15%, while 7% prayed, around 5% went to a mosque, 43% gave zakat (alms), 44% fasted during Ramadan and 72% expressed a belief in God and Muhammad. It has been an official candidate for membership in the European Union since 2014. [75] Albania once numbered eighteen episcopal Sees, some of them having uninterrupted activity from the dawn of the Catholicism until today. [311] Outside of the small designated "minority area" in the south the teaching of Greek was banned during the communist era. Further south sprawls the Butrint National Park on a peninsula that is surrounded by the Lake of Butrint and Channel of Vivari on the eastern half of the Straits of Corfu. The flag of Albania is a red flag with a black double-headed eagle positioned in the centre. There is also a relatively small minority which belongs to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. [73] Of the roughly 1,127 Islamic buildings existing in Albania prior to the communists coming to power, only 50 mosques remained thereafter with most being in a state of disrepair. [19], Wars and socio-political instability resulting in increasing identification with the Ottoman Empire amongst some Muslims within the Balkans during the late Ottoman period made the terms Muslim and Turk synonymous. From the 6th century into the 7th century, the Slavs crossed the Danube and largely absorbed the indigenous Ancient Greeks, Illyrians and Thracians in the Balkans; thus, the Illyrians were mentioned for the last time in historical records in the 7th century.[43][44]. [65] Individuals caught with Bibles, icons, or other religious objects faced long prison sentences. Albania has been an active member of the United Nations since 1955. [206] Albania has established political and economic ties with Arab countries, in particular with Arab Persian Gulf states who have heavily invested in religious, transport and other infrastructure alongside other facets of the economy in addition to the somewhat limited societal links they share. [135] The districts of Lushnja and Fieri (comprising the historic region of Myzeqe), which are far from any international borders and have an overwhelmingly ethnic Albanian population (except for a few Vlachs and Roma), were historically around 55% and 65% Orthodox historically,[141] reported figures roughly were a factor of five times lower. In 1945 they were finally recognized as a distinct religious community; since the fall of Communism, they have reconstituted themselves and now have an operating tekke in Peshkopia. TV KLAN", "Myslimant nuk jan shumic; por edhe sikur t ishin. Along with neighbouring and mainly. Almost 30% of the total population is found in Tirana County followed by Fier County with 11% and Durrs County with 10%. Albanian Identities. During the Peoples Republic of Albania, Albanian cinema developed rapidly with the inauguration of the Kinostudio Shqipria e Re in Tirana. [195] Support for the USA has remained high at 95% in Muslim majority Albania in contrast to the rest of the Islamic world. During classical times, there are thought to have been about seventy Christian families in Durrs, as early as the time of the Apostles. Albanian writings from these centuries must not have been religious texts only, but historical chronicles too. After being militarily occupied by Italy from 1939 until 1943, the Kingdom of Albania was a protectorate and a dependency of the Kingdom of Italy governed by Victor Emmanuel III and his government. After the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Constantinople lost in 1870 jurisdictional control over the Bulgarians in the Ottoman Empire, the Patriarchate did not desire further schisms within its ranks. The Antea Cement plant in Fush-Kruj is considered one of the largest industrial greenfield investments in the country. [70][110] Within the Romani community there exist two main divisions: the Gabels who speak the Romani language and those who self identify as Jevgs that consider themselves separate from the Romani, speak Albanian and are somewhat integrated in Albania. Antigona: Antigona is the Albanian variation of the Greek name Antigone. Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Sdosteuropen. The country made their Winter Olympic Games debut in 2006. [citation needed] In the late 19th century there was a flourishing Rufai community around Gjakova, in Kosovo, which helped spread the sect in various parts of Albania. The league had initially the assistance of the Ottoman authorities whose position was based on the religious solidarity of Muslim people and landlords connected with the Ottoman administration. [58] After independence, ties amongst the wider Sufi Bektashi community in former Ottoman lands waned. "[60], On 7 April 1939, Albania was invaded by Italy under Benito Mussolini, which had long taken an interest in gaining dominance over Albania as an Italian sphere of influence during the interwar period. Print Europe part 27 | Albania. After hundreds of mosques and dozens of Islamic libraries containing priceless manuscripts were destroyed, Hoxha proclaimed Albania the world's first atheist state in 1967. [78][89][94] In April 2011, Bedr University, Albania's first Muslim university was opened in Tiran and is administered by the Glen movement. [234] The study of a first foreign language is mandatory and taught most often at elementary and bilingual schools. [130][131] In February 2022, Albania's Constitutional Court overturned parliament's impeachment of President Ilir Meta, opponent of the ruling Socialist Party.[132]. [225] The coast has a particular character because it is rich in varieties of virgin beaches, capes, coves, covered bays, lagoons, small gravel beaches, sea caves and many landforms. 8436, dated 28 December 1998 ON THE ORGANIZATION OF THE JUDICIAL POWER IN THE REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA", "Arbresht krkojn ndihm nga Tirana (Video)", "Albanian foreign policy in the post-communist era", "Albania and the United Nations 60 Years of Partnership", "Engagement Policy and evidence of AAF participation in PK missions", sues/active_endeavour/index.html Operation Active Endeavour, "Albania sells off its military hardware", "Albania to abolish conscription by 2010", "Albanian military expenditure as% of GDP", "STRATEGJIA NDRSEKTORIALE PR DECENTRALIZIMIN DHE QEVERISJEN VENDORE 20152020", Fletorja Zyrtare e Republiks s Shqipris, "A Brief History of the Administrative-territorial Organisation in Albania", "A Brief History of the Administrative-territorial Organization in Albania", "Ndarja administrative, njsit vendore n lagje dhe fshatra", "Ndarja e re, mbeten 28 bashki, shkrihen komunat Shekulli Online", "On the Organization and Functioning of the Local Government, Republic of Albania, 2000", "Ndarja e re, mbeten 28 bashki, shkrihen komunat | Shekulli Online", "Popullsia n 1 Janar sipas qarqeve dhe gjinis 2001 - 2020", "Sub-national HDI - Area DatabaseGlobal Data Lab", "GDP per capita in purchasing power standards in 2012", "Albanian employment rate increases in agriculture, services sector in Q1 2016", "UC Research Reveals One of the Earliest Farming Sites in Europe", "IPA National Programme 2011 for Albania Project Fiche 7: Support to Agriculture and Rural Development", "ANTEA, the company with the highest working standards", "UPDATE 1-Bankers Petroleum's key Albanian oilfield output jumps in Q1", "Textile industry in Albania is unprepared for a potential influx of import orders", "The Development of the Service Sector in Albania and Its Future", "Analysis of the Albanian Banking System in the Transition Years", "TOURISM AND EMPLOYMENT IN ALBANIA IS THERE A STRONG CORRELATION? [70] Around 90% of the budget of the Albanian Muslim community came from foreign sources in the 1990s, though from 2009 after the signing of agreements the Albanian government allocates funding from the state budget to the four main religions to cover administrative and other costs. Since the early 4th century AD, Christianity had become the established religion in the Roman Empire, supplanting pagan polytheism and eclipsing for the most part the humanistic world outlook and institutions inherited from the Greek and Roman civilizations. [199] State relations of Albania with Turkey are friendly and close, due to maintenance of close links with the Albanian diaspora in Turkey and strong Turkish sociopolitical, cultural, economic and military ties with Albania. Teuta's forces extended their operations further southwards to theIonian Sea. Nowadays, estimations of the size of the irreligious population vary widely. Most Albanian regions belonged to the Eastern Orthodox Church after the schism, but regional Albanian populations gradually became Catholic to secure their independence from various Orthodox political entities[12][13][14] and conversions to Catholicism would be especially notable under the aegis of the Kingdom of Albania. [50] Amongst those were the abolition of Sharia law and replacement with Western law that made Muslims in Albania come under government control while the Quran was translated into Albanian and criticized for its inaccuracies. Northern and southern traditions are contrasted by a rugged tone from the north, and the more relaxed southern form of music. In 1703 he convened the Albanian Council (Kuvendi i Arbnit) in order to organize methods to prevent further apostacy in Albania, and preserve the existence of Catholicism in the land. The country have been represented by the National Olympic Committee of Albania since 1972. [citation needed] After the Bektashis were banned in Turkey in 1925 by Atatrk, the order moved its headquarters to Tirana and the Albanian government subsequently recognized it as a body independent from Sunnism. The armed forces were trained and supervised by instructors from Italy, and as a counterweight, he kept British officers in the Gendarmerie despite strong Italian pressure to remove them. This is claimed to be an attempt to intimidate minorities into declaring Albanian ethnicity; according to them the Albanian government has stated that it will jail anyone who does not participate in the census or refuse to declare his or her ethnicity. [197] Albania was one of three countries in Europe to record an economic growth in the first quarter of 2010 after the global financial crisis. [275] It is forecast that the population will continue shrinking for the next decade at least, depending on the actual birth rate and the level of net migration. [125] Another survey conducted by Gallup Global Reports 2010 shows that religion plays a role to 39% of Albanians, and lists Albania as the thirteenth least religious country in the world. In the Albanian census, a few of these areas, such as Skrapari and Dishnica, saw the Bektashi population mostly labeled "Bektashi" while in most other areas such as Kruja it was mostly labeled "Muslim". ), which was created in 1930 and has membership in FIFA and UEFA. [278] Over 1 million people are concentrated in Tirana and Durrs, making it the largest urban area in Albania. There are no official statistics regarding the number of practising religious people per each religious group.[1][2]. The estuaries, wetlands and lakes are extraordinarily important for the greater flamingo, pygmy cormorant and the extremely rare and perhaps the most iconic bird of the country, the dalmatian pelican. [326] In 2008, there were 694 Catholic churches and 425 orthodox churches, 568 mosques and 70 bektashi tekkes in the country. The Bektashi Order was widespread in the Ottoman Empire, with most leading Bektashi babas from southern Albania. The airport carried more than 3.3 million passengers in 2019 with connections to many destinations in other countries around Europe, Africa and Asia. [62] Most of the Bektashi order and its leadership were against the Italian occupation and remained an opposition group. national holidays) and social status based on their historical presence in the country. On the contrary, the coldest areas are positioned within the northern and eastern highlands. Further, the country is a worldwide significant producer of salvia, rosemary and yellow gentian. Others included members of the prominent Kprl family, Zagan Pasha, Muhammad Ali of Egypt and Ali Pasha of Tepelena. Its largest trading partners are Italy, Greece, China, Spain, Kosovo and the United States. The Albanian Alps in the far north of the country are considered to be among the most humid regions of Europe, receiving at least 3,100mm (122.0in) of rain annually. [129], Religiosity in Albania Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. For example, in the 1990s, Greece preferred and assisted Orthodox Albanian leaders like Fatos Nano in Albania over Muslim Albanian ones like Sali Berisha as they were seen as being friendlier to Greek interests. [50] In the former Ottoman districts of Kor and Gjirokastr forming southern Albania, the share of the Muslim population increased in 1923 to 109,000 in contrast to 114,000 Orthodox and by 1927 Muslims were 116,000 to 112,000 Orthodox. They are not asylum seekers, they are Muslim freeloader-wannabes. [78][125] Some Albanian Muslims also hold the view that unlike them, Christian Albanian communities of the Orthodox historically identified with the Greeks. In April 1941, territories of Yugoslavia with substantial Albanian population were annexed to Albania inclusively western Macedonia, a strip of eastern Montenegro, the town of Tutin in central Serbia and most of Kosovo[c]. [6][7], Albania came into contact with Islam in the 13th century when Angevin expansion into Albania during the reign of Charles I Anjou was made possible in part by Muslim involvement. There are Kadri tekkes in Tirana, Berat and Peqin, but the main center of the Kadris is Peshkopia in Diber County. The Shkumbin river is the rough dividing line between the two dialects. The US State Department estimates that Greeks make up 1.17%, and other minorities 0.23%, of the population. [116] The Bosniak community of the Shijak area whose presence dates back to 1875 inhabits almost entirely the village of Borakaj and in the neighbouring village Koxhas they live alongside Albanians and form a minority. [270][271] Vodafone Albania, Telekom Albania and Albtelecom are the three large providers of mobile and internet in Albania. . The country has been a Roman Catholic bridgehead in the Balkans, with Catholic Albanians playing a role not unlike the Croats in the former Yugoslavia. [33][35] In southern Albania during the late Ottoman period being Albanian was increasingly associated with Islam, while from the 1880s the emerging Albanian National Movement was viewed as an obstacle to Hellenism within the region. [89], In 2011, a Pew Research Center population estimate in a global study based on growth rates put the percentage of Muslims in Albania at 82.1% (estimated number 2,601,000)[106] However, a Gallup poll gave percentages of religious affiliations with only 43% Muslim, 19% Eastern Orthodox, 15% Catholic and 23% atheist or nonreligious.[107][when?] Therefor the Albanian variation of the Socialist Party won both the 2013 and 2017 parliamentary elections, other. ] Islam offered them equal opportunities and advancement within the northern and eastern highlands control by attacking.. Countries around Europe, Africa and Asia member of the prominent Kprl family Zagan... Albania achieving the 4th lowest unemployment rate in the south, although dependent on Corfu, became Catholic and as. Withdrawn from Tirana, and the communists took control by attacking it the coldest are., 19201944 / Roberto Morocco dela Roka ; e prktheu nga origjinali Luan Omari Antea Cement plant in is... 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