Bates C.J. These crystal classes, in turn, are grouped into six crystal systems. MacFarlane A.J., Shi Y., Greene-Finestone L.S. It is used as filler and coating material. With the crystal laid down on any face on a tabletop, the presence of a face of equal size and shape, but inverted, in a horizontal position at the top of the crystal proves the existence of a centre of symmetry. Caudill M.A. The http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Cereals (esp. Ovarian cancer is a commonly diagnosed malignancy in women. Michelakos T., Kousoulis A.A., Katsiardanis K., Dessypris N., Anastasiou A., Katsiardani K.-P., Kanavidis P., Stefanadis C., Papadopoulos F.C., Petridou E.T. A striking illustration of this was provided by an epidemiological study by Morris et al. We own and operate 500 peer-reviewed clinical, medical, life sciences, engineering, and management journals and hosts 3000 scholarly conferences per year in the fields of clinical, medical, pharmaceutical, life sciences, business, engineering and technology. Crystals with rhombohedral terminations are also common; those with shallow rhombohedral terminations are called nailhead spar. RDAs are population statistics and they therefore represent rough estimates of the average requirement of individuals within a group/population, with an adjustment for the variations in the need for the nutrient among the individuals that make up the population. Furthermore, evidence from human research clearly shows both that a significant proportion of the populations of developed countries suffer from deficiencies or insufficiencies in one or more of this group of vitamins, and that, in the absence of an optimal diet, administration of the entire B-vitamin group, rather than a small sub-set, at doses greatly in excess of the current governmental recommendations, would be a rational approach for preserving brain health. Importantly, GC dinucleotides have extraordinarily strong stacking free-energy inside the DNA helix and unique resistance to dissociation. Effect of riboflavin status on the homocysteine-lowering effect of folate in relation to the MTHFR (C677T) genotype. On the other hand, differential expression of CAT, ERBB2, P2RY8, PLAUR, and TIMP1 affects the infiltration of the majority of immune cells. They also serve as an interacting platform for a plethora of other proteins, which have an important role in other DNA metabolic processes, including. De Lau L., Smith A., Refsum H., Johnston C., Breteler M. Plasma vitamin B12 status and cerebral white-matter lesions. The size should be -84 microns and in the form of powder which It is opaque to translucent, transparent in thin fragments and yellowish brown to dark brown in transmitted light.[1][3][4]. Hurlbut, Jr.. Third, current chemical practice employs a nomenclature and classification scheme for inorganic compounds based on similar principles. Ganji V., Kafai M.R. However, it is notable that multiple clinical trials entailing consuming up to 750 mg/day of vitamin B6 for a number of years have demonstrated a lack of neuropathic side effects [15]. It should be smaller than 400 microns for chick feed, 3 mm for A recent case study demonstrated that 250 mg niacin administration modulated peripheral immune cell NIACR1 expression and attenuated the disturbed sleep architecture associated with Parkinsons disease [51]. This food is also rich in minerals, such as selenium, manganese, and iron. High folate levels may also interfere with the anti-folate medications prescribed for a number of conditions (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, cancer, bacterial infections, malaria) and exert biphasic effects with regards to cancer; conferring protection at lower concentrations but increasing carcinogenesis at higher concentrations. Effect of homocysteine lowering treatment on cognitive function: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Kirkland J.B. Niacin. Malouf R., Areosa Sastre A. Vitamin B12 for cognition. Define polymorphism. and Freiberg, Saxony. Cognitive and mood effects in healthy children during 12 weeks supplementation with multi-vitamin/minerals. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. Two recent extensive meta-analyses illustrate the equivocal nature of the data. In: Zempleni J., Rucker R.B., McCormick D.B., Suttie J.W., editors. In the monoclinic system, two axes intersect one another at an oblique angle and lie in a plane perpendicular to the third axis; in the triclinic system, all axes intersect at oblique angles. Gene expression analysis revealed 883 circRNAs, among which 26 and 11 circRNAs were differentially expressed between Landrace vs. Songliao pigs and high- vs. low-thickness groups, respectively. Alongside these observations it is interesting to note that in one study supplementation with folic acid also significantly increased the proportion of participants with riboflavin deficiency [72]. [104] demonstrated a shallow, linear dose response following single oral doses of thiamine in terms of whole blood and plasma levels up to the maximum administered dose of 1500 mg (corresponding to more than 1000 times the RDA), in healthy subjects. The current study provides a baseline for standard retinal gene expression of 14 genes and retinal histological staining. marble to produce cement and concrete. There are several thousand known mineral species, about 100 of which constitute the major mineral components of rocks; these are the so-called rock-forming minerals. No description of the mechanisms of action of the B vitamins would be complete without some consideration of the predominant mechanistic theory that has driven much of the human research in this area. feature (ahin, 1999). Our custom writing service is a reliable solution on your academic journey that will always help you if your deadline is too tight. The high-affinity niacin receptor HM74A is decreased in the anterior cingulate cortex of individuals with schizophrenia. Our custom writing service is a reliable solution on your academic journey that will always help you if your deadline is too tight. Ho R.C., Cheung M.W., Fu E., Win H.H., Zaw M.H., Ng A., Mak A. All are rather soft, ductile (capable of being drawn into wire), malleable (capable of being shaped by a hammer or rollers), and sectile (capable of being cut smoothly by a knife or other instrument); gold, silver, and copper serve as excellent conductors of electricity and heat and exhibit metallic lustre and hackly fracture (a type of fracture characterized by sharp jagged surfaces). White D.J., Camfield D.A., Maggini S., Pipingas A., Silberstein R., Stough C., Scholey A. Since the middle of the 19th century, minerals have been classified on the basis of their chemical composition. The native nonmetals diamond, fullerene, graphite, and sulfur are structurally distinct from the metals and semimetals. Other rocks can be defined by relative abundances of key (essential) minerals; a granite is defined by proportions of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase feldspar. Smith A.D., Smith S.M., de Jager C.A., Whitbread P., Johnston C., Agacinski G., Oulhaj A., Bradley K.M., Jacoby R., Refsum H. Homocysteine-lowering by b vitamins slows the rate of accelerated brain atrophy in mild cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly The native semimetals are divided into two isostructural groups (those whose members share a common structure type): (1) antimony, arsenic, and bismuth, with the latter two being more common in nature, and (2) the rather uncommon selenium and tellurium. Meanwhile, P2RY8, ERBB2, CAT, and TIMP1 may obtain m6A modification by binding METTL3 or METTL14. Mineral Group: Sphalerite group.. Castro-Quezada I., Romn-Vias B., Serra-Majem L. The mediterranean diet and nutritional adequacy: A review. [3], Brookite was named in 1825 by French mineralogist Armand Lvy[3] for Henry James Brooke (17711857), an English crystallographer, mineralogist and wool trader. Real-time PCR, also known as qPCR, is used for many qualitative and quantitative applications, including gene expression analysis, microRNA analysis for identification of cancer biomarkers, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, copy number variation (CNV) analysis, and even protein analysis. In the latter study EEG changes following the multi-vitamin treatment correlated with changes in task performance. It is therefore difficult to conceive of any potential downsides to undertaking research with the full range of B vitamins. However, meeting the requirements in this context typically refers to simply preventing chronic, nutrition related diseases or a disease state related to a specific deficiency of that nutrient (see Table 1). Associations between body mass index and the prevalence of low micronutrient levels among US adults. 13 Essential Minerals for Optimal Brain Health Boron. The members of this group are harder than the metals of the gold group and also have higher melting points. Mineral Group: Calcite group. A Mol. [7], At temperatures above about 750 C, brookite will revert to the rutile structure. Acetyl-CoA (incorporating pantothenic acid) provides the main substrate for this cycle [9,11,14,32,33,34]. It has the same chemical formula as quartz, SiO 2, but a distinct crystal structure.Both quartz and cristobalite are polymorphs with all the members of the quartz group, which also include coesite, tridymite and stishovite.It is named after Cerro San Cristbal in Pachuca Municipality, Hidalgo, The c axis is normally the vertical axis. Diagnostic Features: Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) play vital roles in fatty acid metabolism and other metabolic processes in mammals. The potential limitations of administering a restricted range of B vitamins are illustrated by evidence showing that approximately a third of supplementation studies to date have involved the administration of folic acid alone [65,66]. Differences in erythrocyte folate concentrations in older adults reached steady-state within one year in a two-year, controlled, 1 mg/d folate supplementation trial. form of a slurry that will harden into a durable construction material. Evolution of dietary antioxidants. Beautiful, deep red crystals (seen above-right) similar to pyrope and almandite garnet are also known. The first strand of evidence for this comes from dose-ranging studies that have demonstrated increases in bioavailability persisting well above the RDA. Frizington, Cumbria; Weardale, Durham; at Liskeard, Cornwall. Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; Minerals form in all geologic environments and thus under a wide range of chemical and physical conditions, such as varying temperature and pressure. Some geologists consider it to be a ubiquitous In terms of supplementation with multi-vitamins, Benton [160], reviewed the results of studies published within the preceding decade that had assessed the effects of supplementation with multi-vitamin/minerals on childrens intelligence (IQ). [23] found that whilst 9% of their sample of 3000 adults were frankly deficient in vitamin B12 (<148 pmol/L), over 38% had serum levels (<258 pmol/L) suggesting marginal deficiency. Title L.M., Cummings P.M., Giddens K., Nassar B.A. Protein expression reflects the total outcome of multiple regulatory. As one review paper [100] notes, even the governmental agencies responsible for defining dietary recommendations acknowledge that the benefits of micronutrient consumption may continue on a continuum well above the RDA. Evidence (see below) also shows that mega-doses of biotin and niacin at between 30 and 500 times the RDA exert beneficial physiological effects, in terms of glycaemic control, insulin sensitivity, and anti-inflammatory properties. Boron is essential for bone growth and maintenance, improves wound healing, and increases the half-life and bioavailability of estrogen, testosterone and Vitamin D.. Boron also increases magnesium absorption, reduces calcite (Kauwenbergh, 2010) . Similarly, Frensham et al. A rotoinversion axis combines rotation about an axis of rotation with inversion. Members of this group are fairly brittle, and they do not conduct heat and electricity nearly as well as the native metals. These occur most often as scalenohedra and are commonly twinned, sometimes forming heart-shaped, butterfly twins. A complete version of the work and all supplemental materials, including a copy of the permission as stated above, in a suitable standard electronic format is deposited immediately upon initial publication in at least one online repository that is supported by an academic institution, scholarly society, government agency, or other well-established organization that More recently, Clarke et al. Of particular interest, the studies included in this analysis could be subdivided into those that administered higher (4RDA) levels of B vitamins with lower levels of other micronutrients, or lower (1RDA) levels of B vitamins with higher levels of other micronutrients. These two enzymatic cycles are essential to cellular function, including via interactions with other pathways. The interlinked folate and methionine cycles. Papakostas G.I., Shelton R.C., Zajecka J.M., Etemad B., Rickels K., Clain A., Baer L., Dalton E.D., Sacco G.R., Schoenfeld D. Young V.R. and more. Tucker K.L., Rich S., Rosenberg I., Jacques P., Dallal G., Wilson P.W., Selhub J. On the one hand, this means they are typically safe at doses much higher than the RDA, but on the other hand, they require a more consistent consumption than the fat soluble vitamins. Maguire F., Henriquez F.L., Leonard G., Dacks J.B., Brown M.W., Richards T.A. The upper limit for niacin is set at 35 mg (US/Canada), with this predicated simply on its ability to cause temporary flushing of the skin at doses in excess of 100 mg, although nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and in very rare cases liver damage have been noted following extended consumption of doses of a gram and more [8]. Effects of extended-release niacin on lipoprotein particle size, distribution, and inflammatory markers in patients with coronary artery disease. Government figures also show that sizeable minorities of the populations of developed countries fail to consume even the minimum recommended quantity of any given micronutrient. Search For instance, single doses of a range of single vitamins, including folic acid (as well as vitamins C, E, A), administered at mega-doses of between five and 26 times the RDA for that micronutrient, have all been shown to increase vasodilation in groups with disease-related or experimentally induced endothelial dysfunction [149,150,151,152,153]. Similarly, both single intravenous and chronic oral mega-doses of biotin have been shown to improve lipid profiles in humans [144,145]. Describe that three different types of transformations that result in new polymorphs. No association of UCNEs with non-coding RNAs, nor preference of a particular meiotic recombination rate within them were found. Katz D.L., Nawaz H., Boukhalil J., Giannamore V., Chan W., Ahmadi R., Sarrel P.M. For measuring the hardness of a mineral, Interestingly, at the other end of the life-span, a single study also demonstrated a positive relationship between dietary folate intake and academic achievement in adolescents [116]. Meanwhile, hub genes may regulate the progression of RCC via an m6A- and immunity-dependent mechanism. Iceland At the Helgustadanama mine, The current state of niacin in cardiovascular disease prevention: A systematic review and meta-regression. Haskell et al. Plants need their vitamins too. They are an isomorphous mixture of three molecules; a calcium-iron-magnesium silicate, an aluminium-iron-magnesium silicate, and an iron-magnesium Thiamine is a coenzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, which is a necessary step in the synthesis of fatty acids, steroids, nucleic acids and the aromatic amino acid precursors to a range of neurotransmitters and other bioactive compounds essential for brain function [9]. Similarly, larger proportions of at risk groups exhibit deficiencies in vitamin B12. In essence, the hypothesis attributed mild to moderate increases in homocysteine levels with being a causal contributor to these disease states. Currently established roles include modulation of inflammatory cascades [46,47] and anti-atherogenic lipolysis in adipose tissue [48,49]. These rocks are extremely common and make up a The other three of these forms are akaogiite (), anatase and rutile ().Brookite is rare compared to anatase and rutile and, like these forms, it exhibits photocatalytic activity. In the US, the story is similar. This food is also rich in minerals, such as selenium, manganese, and iron. Morris M.S., Selhub J., Jacques P.F. Rucker R.B., Bauerly K. Pantothenic acid. Give several examples of minerals that show polymorphism, being sure to name all of the polymorphs. We also discuss the strange dynamics of multiple SNPs inside UCNEs and reasons why these sequences are extraordinarily conserved. Add your e-mail address to receive forthcoming issues of this journal: 1996-2022 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. Mitochondrial function and toxicity: Role of b vitamins on the one-carbon transfer pathways. Tanaka T., Tateno Y., Gojobori T. Evolution of vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine) metabolism by gain and loss of genes. The underlying molecular mechanism of apolipoprotein E polymorphism: relationships to lipid disorders, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer's disease. An organism that can simply sequester its vitamins from the environment may therefore be at an evolutionary advantage, as the process of endogenous enzymatic de novo synthesis of these compounds would have entailed a disadvantageous cost in terms of energy expenditure, the need for cellular machinery, and the oxidative stress involved in metabolism [3,4]. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine . Since the middle of the 19th century, minerals have been classified on the basis of their chemical composition.Under this scheme, they are divided into classes according to their dominant anion or anionic group (e.g., halides, oxides, and sulfides).Several reasons justify use of this criterion as the distinguishing factor at the highest level of mineral In population studies, intakes of vitamin B6 well in excess of the RDA, along with associated biochemical levels of pyridoxal-5-phosphate, have also been found to be inversely related to a range of inflammatory biomarkers, with those individuals exhibiting higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers requiring several times the RDA of vitamin B6 merely to avoid deficiency [53,54]. Accessibility [68] meta-analysed data from 11 studies involving a total of 22,000 aged participants who received folic acid, with additional vitamin B12 (10 studies) and B6 (eight studies) and found no evidence of benefits either in terms of global cognitive function or performance in specific cognitive domains, despite a drastic reduction in homocysteine levels. In this review, we focus on the translation initiation factors associated with cancer as well as several important RNA modifications, for which we describe their association with cancer. [3][4] England From Alston Moor, Egremont, and We demonstrated that every human has over 300 mutations within 4273 UCNEs. agricultural soil treatment, construction aggregate, pigment, pharmaceutical Riboflavin lowers homocysteine in individuals homozygous for the MTHFR 677C -> T polymorphism. PMC legacy view Background. B vitamins act as coenzymes in a substantial proportion of the enzymatic processes that underpin every aspect of cellular physiological functioning. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Yet little is known about bacterial interaction networks in mosquitoes. Genes is a peer-reviewed, open access journal of genetics and genomics published monthly online by MDPI.The Spanish Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SEBBM) is affiliated with Genes and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges.. Open Access free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions. These always include something akin to the recommended dietary allowance, or RDA. Eilander A., Gera T., Sachdev H.S., Transler C., van der Knaap H.C.M., Kok F.J., Osendarp S.J.M. Pawlak R., Parrott S.J., Raj S., Cullum-Dugan D., Lucus D. How prevalent is vitamin B12 deficiency among vegetarians? This role is particularly pertinent as inflammatory processes contribute to the aetiology of numerous pathological states including dementia and cognitive decline [55]. Preventing alzheimers disease-related gray matter atrophy by b-vitamin treatment. sedimentary environments, calcite may be associated with dolomite, gypsum, Horigan G., McNulty H., Ward M., Strain J., Purvis J., Scott J.M. Calcium carbonate, CaC03. For example, the primary symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency are neurological, including depression, cognitive decline, dementia, and autonomic dysfunction [15] and vitamin B12 deficiency is often manifested in the form of neurological symptoms prior to the appearance of more typical haematological changes [20]. In terms of other B vitamins, a striking 66% of the UK non-elderly adult population were at least marginally deficient in riboflavin (as assessed by the erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation test (EGRAC)) [89], with a similar figure of 54% derived in another study when a slightly more stringent EGRAC was used [72]. As a consequence, calcite is not only the main mineral of Anti-inflammatory effects of nicotinic acid in adipocytes demonstrated by suppression of fractalkine, rantes, and mcp-1 and upregulation of adiponectin. Niacin receptors are distributed both peripherally in immune cells and adipose tissue, and throughout the brain. As little as 100 g of cooked and enriched spaghetti serves around 30% of the vitamins RDA. Define polymorphism. N6-methyladenosine(m6A) and immune infiltration have received increased attention because of their great influence on the clinical outcome and prognosis of cancer patients. To give an idea of the size of the epidemiological research effort in this area, a review paper published in 2008 by Smith [64] summarised the relevant research published in the previous 10 years. The carbon atoms of graphite, however, are arranged in six-membered rings in which each atom is surrounded by three close-by neighbours located at the vertices of an equilateral triangle. This type of Protein expression reflects the total outcome of multiple regulatory mechanisms that change the metabolism of mRNA pathways from synthesis to degradation. Thus it is used in newspaper, magazine and quality paper Critical role for tetrahydrobiopterin recycling by dihydrofolate reductase in regulation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase coupling relative importance of the de novo biopterin synthesis. In: Zempleni J., Rucker R.B., McCormick D.B., Suttie J.W., editors. Almeida O.P., Ford A.H., Flicker L. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials of folate and vitamin B12 for depression. Hirsch J.A., Parrott J. In sedimentary environments, calcite most often occurs as Cristobalite is a mineral polymorph of silica that is formed at very high temperatures. Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; Earths core is thought to be composed largely of such iron-nickel alloys. Fullerenes are found in meta-anthracite, in fulgurites, and in clays from the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in New Zealand, Spain, and Turkmenistan as well as in organic-rich layers near the Sudbury nickel mine of Canada. A complete version of the work and all supplemental materials, including a copy of the permission as stated above, in a suitable standard electronic format is deposited immediately upon initial publication in at least one online repository that is supported by an academic institution, scholarly society, government agency, or other well-established organization that Of course, these demonstrations of a lack of efficacy have elicited a counter-commentary noting that the null findings may be due to a number of methodological factors, including: the study selection; the heterogeneity or insensitivity of the cognitive tests; the good, or bad, cognitive status of the participants at the studies outsets; the duration of treatment; and the pooling of data obscuring the positive findings from more methodologically rigorous studies and those in sub-populations that are more likely to see benefits including those with poorer vitamin status [101,129,130,131]. Physical properties of minerals are directly related to their atomic structure, bonding forces and chemical composition. Lotto V., Choi S.-W., Friso S. Vitamin b6: A challenging link between nutrition and inflammation in cvd. Composition: Calcium carbonate, CaC03. Gene expression at the correct time is crucial to retinal development and function. Integr. Status of vitamins B-12 and B-6 but not of folate, homocysteine, and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism are associated with impaired cognition and depression in adults. The present study aimed to investigate retinal gene expression and morphology in locally grown chickens at various developmental stages. The role of B vitamins in preventing and treating cognitive impairment and decline. Whilst this analysis showed no global benefits of supplementation on depressive symptoms across studies, the subset of three studies that assessed relapse or prevention demonstrated significant benefits for B vitamin treatment. Our results show that circRNAs are dynamically expressed and provide a valuable basis for understanding the molecular mechanism of circRNAs in pig adipose biology. Research into human biotransformation and elimination systems continues to evolve. Concentrating on this one unproven hypothesis has resulted in both observational and controlled trial research being focussed disproportionately on just three of the vitaminsfolate and vitamins B6 and B12. Sliding clamps play a pivotal role in the process of replication by increasing the processivity of the replicative polymerase. Polymorphism & Series: Trimorphous with matraite and wurtzite. Methods: Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the largest category of kidney tumors and usually does not have a good prognosis. Moreover, these noodles contain thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin B12. Shibata K., Fukuwatari T., Ohta M., Okamoto H., Watanabe T., Fukui T., Nishimuta M., Totani M., Kimura M., Ohishi N., et al. A vast array of processes and enzymes involved in every aspect of peripheral and brain cell function are dependent on niacin derived nucleotides such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and NAD phosphate (NADP). It is a major industrial chemical, being a component A centre of symmetry exists in a crystal if an imaginary line can be extended from any point on its surface through its centre and a similar point is present along the line equidistant from the centre. Dietary folate enters the folate cycle and rotates through several enzymatic modifications which generate the one-carbon units required for the synthesis of DNA/RNA and the methyl groups required to regenerate methionine from homocysteine. Lehmann M., Gottfries C., Regland B. Learn more If a twin has three or more parts, it is referred to as a multiple, or repeated, twin. The existence of two or more forms of a species in the same area is quite common, and is called polymorphism. prior to publication. In line with this, a wealth of epidemiological evidence suggesting relationships between the increased consumption/biochemical levels of a number of vitamins, and benefits for cardiovascular function, cognitive function and decreased incidence of dementia clearly show that individuals derive additional relevant physiological benefits from consumption of micronutrients well in excess of the RDA, and biochemical levels above those denoting marginal deficiency (see [98,101]). These rocks have been used as dimension stones. In terms of circulating vitamin status, analysis of the data from 10 cross-sectional studies and one prospective study demonstrated a relationship between low folate and vitamin B12 and depression [117], and analysis of data from 10 cross-sectional and three cohort studies showed that that folate, but not vitamin B12 was associated with cognitive impairment, typically assessed with the Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) [118]. Although calcite can form spectacular crystals, it is usually massive, occurring either as marble (p.301) or as limestone (p.319). Bonding forces as electrical forces exist between the atoms and ions are related to the type of elements, and the distance between them in the crystalline structure. In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) produced transcriptome profiles of Western Landrace (lean-type) and Chinese Songliao black pigs (obese-type) with different thicknesses of subcutaneous fat tissues and were used to identify circRNAs involved in the regulation of adipogenesis. In: Zempleni J., Rucker R.B., McCormick D.B., Suttie J.W., editors. about navigating our updated article layout. soil, it is necessary to give Ca in abundant quantity. Genes is a peer-reviewed, open access journal of genetics and genomics published monthly online by MDPI.The Spanish Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SEBBM) is affiliated with Genes and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges.. Open Access free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
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