Two elements can interact because they share similar chemical properties, like K and Na (Mateus et al.). Authors Francisco Javier Romera 1 , Ping Lan 2 , Jorge Rodrguez-Celma 3 , Rafael Prez-Vicente 4 Affiliations 1 Department of Agronomy-Universidad . Leustek T., Martin M. N., Bick J. Many growers who field-apply cattle manure are concerned about Zn deficiencies caused by high levels of P. Phosphorus and Zn interactions have been extensively . Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) are some of the vital nutrients required. Sinclair A. G., Smith L. C., Morrison J. D., Dodd K. G. (1997). Vacuolar nicotianamine has critical and distinct roles under iron deficiency and for zinc sequestration in, Getting a sense for signals: regulation of the plant iron deficiency response. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). In some cases, the deficiency or excess of one element can affect the uptake of other(s), thus conditioning their proper uptake and efficient utilization (Astolfi et al., 2021; Bernal and Kramer, 2021; Pavlovic et al., 2021; Yu et al. Pathways and regulation of sulphur metabolism revealed through molecular and genetic studies. 12:663477. Peng M., Hannam C., Gu H., Bi Y. M., Rothstein S. J. Would you like email updates of new search results? Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Throughout the SAM cycle, all of these molecules are actively exchanging chemical components - and especially chemical structures called methyl groups - in order to keep the body . Essential transition metal homeostasis in plants. Bouain N, Krouk G, Lacombe B, Rouached H. Trends Plant Sci. Funding. Choline Interaction of Choline with other nutrient SAM cycle (s-adenosyl-methionine cycle), choline adequacy is closely related to the adequacy of many other nutrients. Vigani G., Zocchi G., Bashir K., Philippar K., Briat J. F. (2013). Increased synthesis of miR395 was reported due to P-starvation (Hsieh et al., 2009), which increases S translocation from root to shoot by SULTR2;1, and enhances sulfolipid biosynthesis. ; Zhang C. et al. This suggests that macro and micro-nutrient homeostasis, at least partially, relies on the regulation of the expression of transporter genes. Bouain N., Kisko M., Rouached A., Dauzat M., Lacombe B., Belgaroui N., et al.. (2014b). about navigating our updated article layout. SaK performed bioinformatics analysis of data and prepared the draft manuscript. The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Epub 2021 Nov 27. Resveratrol alleviates the KCl salinity stress of, Sodium in plants: perception, signalling, and regulation of sodium fluxes, Marschner's Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. (2017). Ethylene and nitric oxide involvement in the regulation of Fe and P deficiency responses in dicotyledonous plants. Such studies on the nutrient interaction pathways suggest that an MYB-like transcription factor, phosphate starvation response 1 (PHR1), acts as a master regulator of N, P, S, Fe, and Zn homeostasis. Temporal transcriptional logic of dynamic regulatory networks underlying nitrogen signaling and use in plants. Expression of several ZIP genes (OsZIP1, OsZIP4, OsZIP5, plasma membrane Zn transporters) was reported to be induced by Zn-deficiency and controlled by the availability of divalent cations such as Zn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Mn2+ in rice (Suzuki et al., 2012). Moving up, down, and everywhere: signaling of micronutrients in plants. Some of the key elements of the ET transduction pathway (CTR1, EIN2, and EIN3/EIL1) were reported to play roles in nutrient deficiency responses. Such nutrients homeostasis is supposed to make NIL-23 to be tolerant to P-deficiency stress. The responses to the deficiency of a particular nutrient can promote the acquisition, MeSH Upon addition of two nutrients, a increase in crop yield that is more than adding only one, the interaction is positive (synergistic). Nutrient uptake via the root system and movement through plant pathways is also dependent on several other factors oxygen is required for the high rates of root cell respiration that can occur under warm growing conditions, generating the energy for active absorption of nutrient ions. The primary benefit from band placement of N and P fertilizers is greater Pptake because of increased P solubility and proximity to seedling roots. A major source of S for plants is the inorganic sulfate (SO42; Leustek et al., 2000), and several S transporters (SULTRs) have been functionally characterized in plants (Takahashi, 2010). We observed up-regulated expression of Fe2+ transporter genes in roots and shoots of the tolerant rice (NIL-23) genotype, whereas down-regulated expression of the transporters was observed in the sensitive (Pusa-44) genotype under P-starvation stress. Moreover, loss of functions of COPT2 aggravates the P-starvation responses in Arabidopsis. PHR1 is one of the important regulators of P-deficiency responses, but other regulators like WRKY45/75, ZAT6, MYB62, PTF1, and bHLH32 have also been reported. Medici A., Szponarski W., Dangeville P., Safi A., Dissanayake I. M., Saenchai C., et al.. (2019). Interactions between nutrients in higher plants occur when the supply of one nutrient affects the absorption, distribution or function of another nutrient. Although the interactions among nutrients are frequently described at the level of nutrient acquisition, the knowledge about the mechanisms enabling such crosstalk is far from complete.An improved understanding of the interaction between nutrients is important for the future of agriculture since it can lead to more equilibrated fertilization practices and help obtain genotypes that are more efficient at nutrient acquisition. ; Yu et al.). Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Gene expression in plants under P-deficiency/starvation is determined by the presence/absence of Fe (Misson et al., 2005; Thibaud et al., 2010). In this sense, it is important to point out that the interactions between nutrients greatly depend on the severity of the nutrient deficiency or excess (Astolfi et al., 2021). Nutrient interactions in plants and soils. On the contrary, PHR is positively regulated by +N. OsSPX4 is degraded through 26S proteasome pathway in response to N supply (+N) via the action of OsNRT1.1B and an E3 ligase OsNBIP1 (NRT1NBIP). Hu B., Jiang Z., Wang W., Qiu Y., Zhang Z., Liu Y., et al.. (2019). (1996). The results of the present study also demonstrated that N and K interactions not only affect plant growth and nutrient uptake, but also significantly affect crop yield parameters, such as panicle . Download full books in PDF and EPUB format. After reading this article you will learn about the 3 Mechanisms of Nutrient Uptake in Plants. Very simply put, a stoma opens and closes through water pressure in the leaf tissue. All the three interactions among essential plant nutrients have been reported. Rai V., Sanagala R., Sinilal B., Yadav S., Sarkar A. K., Dantu P. K., et al.. (2015). Subsequently, higher-order coordinators such as light-response transcription factors/complexes (PIF4, HY5, and the NF-Y) were identified as master transcriptional regulators coordinating plant growth and nutrient utilization (Brumbarova and Ivanov, 2019). A nutrient interacting simultaneously with more than one nutrients. A Fe-deficiency-responsive gene AtIRT1 was reported to play a key role in coordinating the signaling for Zn and Fe-deficiency in Arabidopsis (Briat et al., 2015). In crop plants, the nutrient interactions are generaly measured in terms of growth response and change in concentration of nutrients. (2019). Beneficial aspects to plants include providing physical support, water, heat, nutrients, and oxygen (Figure 1). Suzuki M., Bashir K., Inoue H., Takahashi M., Nakanishi H., Nishizawa N. (2012). This book emphasizes plant-soil interaction, particularly, nutritional interactions involving rhizosphere, microbes, and stress on the root system. It has also been reported that plant cells rapidly replace sulfolipids with phospholipids under S-deficiency, and phospholipids with sulfolipids during P-deficiency (Yu et al., 2002; Sugimoto et al., 2007; our unpublished data). First, the use of one nutrient depends on the availability of another nutrient; the . Excessive Zn was reported to cause Fe deficiency because of decreased IRT1 protein in Arabidopsis root (Connolly et al., 2002) due to ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of IRT1 (Kerkeb et al., 2008; Barberon et al., 2011). (2012). A plant nutrient may be considered essential if the life cycle of a diversity of plant species cannot be completed in the absence of the element. Similarly, if adding the two nutrients together produced less yield as compared to individual ones, the interactions is negative (antagonistic).When there is no change, there is no interaction. (2011). Physiological and transcriptome analysis of iron and phosphorus interaction in rice seedlings. Kumar S., Chinnusamy V., Mohapatra T. (2018). The effects of microarthropod-plant pathogen interactions on plants suggest that, in most cases, microarthropods will reduce disease incidence and severity. Interaction between sulfur and iron in plants, Involvement of Arabidopsis multi-copper oxidase-encoding LACCASE12 in root-to-shoot iron partitioning: a novel example of copper-iron crosstalk. 12:670308. Through interfering with fat absorption, cholestyramine might decrease the absorption of vitamin A. Epigenetics of modified DNA bases: 5-methylcytosine and beyond, Deciphering epitranscriptome: modification of mRNA bases provides a new perspective for post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Similarly, sulfur is essentially required for the synthesis of amino acids like cysteine and methionine, as a cofactor/prosthetic group in Fe-S center, thiamine, S-adenosyl methionine, and in several primary and secondary metabolites (Wirtz and Hell, 2006; Khan et al., 2010; Koprivova and Kopriva, 2014). Saenchai C., Bouain N., Kisko M., Prom C., Doumas P., Rouached H. (2016). Hufnagel B., de Sousa S. M., Assis L., Guimaraes C. T., Leiser W., Azevedo G. C., et al.. (2014). 10.3389/fpls.2021.688318 ; D'Oria et al. On the one hand, nutrient interaction at the . (2007) reported synergistic interactions between N and P in providing a much higher yield under diverse ecosystems. 4 shows, there are at least two independent and different mechanisms causing interactions between nutrients and making plant behaviour deviate from LM; in a strict LM world the isoclines would be piece-wise linear with line segments parallel to the axes. Influence of ethylene signaling in the crosstalk between Fe, S and P deficiency responses in. Hydroponic can be defined as growing plants in water containing nutrients. Stefanovic A., Ribot C., Rouached H., Wang Y., Chong J., Belbahri L., et al.. (2007). (2017) reported enhanced uptake of Zn to mimic Fe-deficiency by high ferric-chelate reductase activity, not due to Zn-inhibited Fe uptake but Zn-simulated transcriptional response of Fe-regulated genes. The site is secure. Studies involving various combinations of macro and micro-nutrient stress, and integrative signaling molecules would provide the genetic-basis for multi-partite cross-talks in plants. FOIA COPT2 plays a dual role under Fe-deficiency; it helps in Cu uptake and distribution to minimize Fe losses (Xie et al., 2019). Nitrogen. ; D'Oria et al. Plant nutrition, Nutrient interactions, Nutrient crosstalk, Nutrient efficiency, Homeostasis. FJR and RPV were funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RTI2018-097935-B-I00), the Spanish State Research Agency, through the Severo Ochoa and Mara de Maeztu Program for Centers and Units of Excellence in R&D (Ref. The transcription factor PHR1 plays a key role in the regulation of sulfate shoot-to-root flux upon phosphate starvation in. Phosphorus and N are. Before Pant B. D., Musialak-Lange M., Nuc P., May P., Buhtz A., Kehr J., et al.. (2009). Liu T. Y., Chang C. Y., Chiou T. J. Sci. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Effects and interactions of phosphorus and sulphur on a mown white clover/ryegrass sward 1. Wang X., Li Q., Yuan W., Cao Z., Qi B., Kumar S., et al.. (2016). Concepts of nutrition in relation to cellular process and environment; Nutrient compartmentation in cells and its relevance to the nutrition of the whole plant; Nutrients and photosynthesis: iron and phosphorus as case studies; The comparative ecophysiology of plant nitrogen metabolism; Concepts of nutritional and environmental interactions determining plant productivity; Plant-soil relationship: acquisition of mineral nutrients by roots from soils; Ecophysiological aspects of nutrition . Crop plants are frequently subjected to nutrients imbalance which adversely affects several metabolic processes. All these elements interact in a direct and/or indirect manner. For instance, nitrogen-fixing nodules and mycorrhizae are well established mutualistic biotic interactions between plants and bacterial/fungal partners under nitrogen limiting environment. pH conditions in the root zone determine availability of certain ions for uptake and water stress or high . ; Zhang C. et al. It is generally present in higher quantities in soil, but its bioavailability becomes limited in aerobic and neutral pH environments (Colombo et al., 2014). (2019) reported that N-deficiency in rice strongly affects shoot growth, but N availability minimizes the effects of P-deficiency on shoot growth. Plant Physiol. Cross-talks between macro- and micro-nutrient uptake and signalling in plants. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. from. The new PMC design is here! 10.3390/ijms22094904 Nutrient interactions in plants and soils. Z., Wang F. Z., Wang S. M., Ma Q. nutrient homeostasis, nutrient interaction, nutrient pathways interaction, phosphorus, sulfur, iron, zinc, P-Fe-Zn tripartite interaction, Effects of N, P, K and S on metabolism: new knowledge gained from multi-level analysis, Interaction effect of sulphur and phosphorus on growth and nutrient content of moong (. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The work was carried out with financial support from Extramural Research grant [18(3)/2018-O&P], Division of Crop Sciences of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Government of India, New Delhi, India. When in the form . Plants, Plants A plant is a multicelled organism that makes its own food by photosynthesis. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) are some of the vital nutrients required for optimum growth, development, and productivity of plants. Evidence indicates an important role of cytokine in P and N signaling (Cerutti and Delatorre, 2013; Poitout et al., 2018). Schematic representation of the macro and micro-nutrient homeostasis. Learn more PHO2, microRNA399, and PHR1 define a phosphate-signaling pathway in plants, The galvanization of biology: a growing appreciation for the roles of zinc. Interactions between phosphorus, zinc, and iron homeostasis in nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal plants. An MYB family transcription factor PHR1 acts as a common regulator of P, Fe, and Zn homeostasis, and functions as an integrator of multiple nutrient signals (Briat et al., 2015). With their unique mixes of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! J. Mol. Kerkeb L., Mukherjee I., Chatterjee I., Lahner B., Salt D. E., Connolly E. L. (2008). Thus, PHR1 is considered as a molecular link between the pathways controlling macro and micro-nutrient homeostasis. An official website of the United States government. Okazaki Y., Otsuki H., Narisawa T., Kobayashi M., Sawai S., Kamide Y., et al.. (2013). Similarly, if adding the two nutrients together produced less yield as compared to individual ones, the interactions is negative (antagonistic). The interaction between Pi and Zn shows nicely how a deficiency in one element (herein Zn) can cause overaccumulation of the other ion (herein Pi). Proteomics dissection of plant responses to mineral nutrient deficiency. -. Giehl R. F., Meda A. R., von Wirn N. (2009). Additionally, there are other mineral elements that are not essential for all plant species but that can be beneficial for some groups of plants, like sodium (Na; Maathuis, 2014) or silicon (Si; Tripathi et al., 2020). Among the many plant mineral nutrients, K stands out as a cation having the strongest influence on quality attributes. However, microarthropod grazing on mycorrhizae does not always affect plant nutrient uptake of P (Boerner and Harris 1991) or the functioning of mycorrhizal fungi (Larsen and Jakobsen . As nutrient-nutrient interactions are relevant to scientists, food industry partners, clinicians and health care practitioners, the conference emphasised the translational value that research findings in this field hold for stakeholders, with a broad stance covering topics from food and food formulation to mechanisms of nutrient-nutrient . Examples of this type of hydroponic systems includes NFT (nutrient film technique) systems and deep-water float systems where plant roots are set in nutrient solutions. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the This is a trusted computer. Frontiers reserves the right to guide an out-of-scope manuscript to a more suitable section or journal at any stage of peer review. Moran L. A., Peiffer G. A., Yin T., Whitham S. A., Cook D., Shoemaker R. C., et al.. (2014). Thus, depending on nutrient supply, interactions between nutrients can either induce deficiencies or toxicities and can modify growth response. (2000). Franco-Zorrilla J. M., Gonzalez E., Bustos R., Linhares F., Leyva A., PazAres J. Finally, within the 13 original research articles; eight of them are about the interactions between two or three elements, including non-essential ones, such as Fe-Cu, Si-Fe, Fe-P-S, S-N, Fe-Zn, K-Na, or P-Zn (Bernal and Kramer, 2021; Jian et al., 2021; Kakei et al., 2021; Li et al., 2021; Chaiwong et al. Mineral nutrient signaling controls photosynthesis: focus on iron deficiency-induced chlorosis. Transcription factor PHR1 was initially identified as a major regulator of P homeostasis in plants (Fujii et al., 2005; Aung et al., 2006; Bari et al., 2006). (2009). We observed up-regulated expression of two sulfate transporters (LOC_Os01g52130 and LOC_Os06g05160) in rice, with higher expression in P-deficiency tolerant genotype, under P-starvation. Lin W. Y., Huang T. K., Chiou T. J. SuK, SaK, and TM revised the manuscript. The Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. The relative proportions of different nutrients have a direct effect not only. Interactions between nutrients can . Limited reports are available on the investigation of two-by-two or multi-level nutrient interactions in plants. Ethylene and Phloem Signals Are Involved in the Regulation of Responses to Fe and P Deficiencies in Roots of Strategy I Plants. In conclusion, the better understanding of the interactions between elements (essential and non-essential) could lead to more rational fertilization practices, preventing interactions that could contribute to an unbalanced mineral nutrition of plants. When a plant's uptake by one nutrient increases with the content of another, the interaction is considered to be positive, and the nutrients are synergists. about navigating our updated article layout. Evidence for co-regulation of P-S signaling is getting accumulated. Fe-deficiency caused up-regulated expression of the genes involved in Zn uptake and homeostasis in leaf and root of soybean (Moran et al., 2014). government site. PHR1 acts as a major transcriptional regulator of P-starvation response, which is accompanied by the activation of phosphate starvation-induced (PSI) genes followed by phosphate uptake and translocation by phosphate transporters (PHO1 and PHT1s). Similarly, Zn-deficiency induces the expression of several P assimilation-related genes (van de Mortel et al., 2006), while P-deficiency activates the expression of the genes involved in Zn and Fe homeostasis (Misson et al., 2005; Bustos et al., 2010). There may be positive or negative interaction of nutrients occurs either in soil or plant. Connolly E. L., Fett J. P., Guerinot M. L. (2002). We observed up-regulated expression of OsZIP3 and OsZIP4 (LOC_Os04g52310 and LOC_Os08g10630) in NIL-23, while they were down-regulated in Pusa-44 under P-starvation stress. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Xie X., Hu W., Fan X., Chen H., Tang M. (2019). B., Poirier Y. Li T., Li Y., Sun Z., Xi X., Sha G., Ma C., et al.. (2021). Interaction between N and P signaling was reported to be mediated by Nitrogen limitation adaptation (NLA) and PHO2 that control phosphate transporter activity resulting in N-dependent P accumulation in shoots (Peng et al., 2007; Lin et al., 2013). Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The remaining 14 are obtained from soil but may need to be supplemented with fertilizers or organic materials such as compost. Front Plant Sci. In crop plants, the nutrient interactions are generaly measured in terms of growth response and change in concentration of nutrients. Thibaud M. C., Arrighi J. F., Bayle V., Chiarenza S., Creff A., Bustos R., et al.. (2010). ; Garca et al. Identification of molecular integrators shows that nitrogen actively controls the phosphate starvation response in plants. (2021) reported structural and functional modifications in roots, leading to the formation of clusters and altered nodule metabolism, under P and N deficiencies. In conclusion, the multi-partite integrative studies on the interactions between nutrient metabolic pathways would be of great importance for sustainable agricultural production/development all over the world (Kaur and Kumar, 2020). Whole transcriptome analysis revealed more than 500 overlapping genes regulated by both P and Fe-deficiency in roots of rice and Arabidopsis (Zheng et al., 2009; Li and Lan, 2015). A miRNA involved in phosphate-starvation response in. Nutrient-nutrient interaction and its influence on ion accumulation are widely recognized. The proportions of nutrient assimilated - and in what amounts - is of great . Yellowing of leaves is a symptom of nutrient deficiency produced by a . Separate drug and vitamin supplementation by at least 4 hours. The involvement of OsPHO1;1 in the regulation of iron transport through integration of phosphate and zinc deficiency signaling. Krouk G., Ruffel S., Gutirrez R. A., Gojon A., Crawford N. M., Coruzzi G. M., et al.. (2011). Abstract. The articles included in this Research Topic reflect indirect interactions between nutrients, such as those simultaneously analyzing many nutrients (Courbet et al. Therefore, future research would also need to focus on integrative studies to decipher the mechanisms involved in coordinating multiple nutrient interactions and nutrient-stress signaling to mitigate the harmful effects of nutrient(s) deficiency in crop plants. Elucidation of novel cis-regulatory elements and promoter structures involved in iron excess response mechanisms in rice using a bioinformatics approach, Interaction between macro- and micro-nutrients in plants. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Transcriptome analysis reveals candidate genes related to phosphorus starvation tolerance in sorghum, Effects of Zn deficiency and bicarbonate on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of four plant species. If there's excess phosphorus it increases the plant's nitrogen uptake, unbalancing the nutrition. and transmitted securely. Conversely, when one nutrient. Misson J., Raghothama K. G., Jain A., Jouhet J., Block M. A., Bligny R., et al.. (2005). Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. a) Zinc-copper interactions occur through: i) Competitive absorption inhibition (due to copper and zinc sharing a common site for root absorption), ii) Copper affects the redistribution of zinc within plants. Vegetation's nutrient starvation frequently happens due to a lack of chemicals in poor soils. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. 8600 Rockville Pike 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. ; Garca et al. The cytosolic Fe-S cluster assembly component MET18 is required for the full enzymatic activity of ROS1 in active DNA demethylation. Perea G. A., Garcia M. A., Andrs N., Vera S. F., Prez A. M. A., Puig S., et al.. (2013). The responses to the deficiency of a particular nutrient can promote the acquisition of such a nutrient but also the acquisition of other nutrients. Careers, Edited and reviewed by: Richard William Bell, Murdoch University, Australia, This article was submitted to Plant Nutrition, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science. Analysis of the root system architecture of. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Although many aspects of soil are beneficial to plants, excessively high levels of trace metals (either naturally occurring or anthropogenically added) or applied herbicides can be toxic to some plants. Based on the available reports and nutritional interactions, it can be concluded that PHR1 and HY5 act as master regulators of multiple nutrient homeostasis. Great hydroponic nutrient management occurs when growers are; Z., Pinton R., Cesco S. (2014). (2013). For instance, ethylene and nitric oxide upregulate both P- and Fe-acquisition genes in such a way that the deficiency of either of them, that stimulate the production of ethylene and nitric oxide, promote the acquisition of the other one (Garca et al.). Keywords: Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. However, unlike nitrogen deficiency, the symptoms appear first on the younger leaves and persist even after an adequate supply of nitrogen. Chaiwong N., Bouain N., Prom-u-thai C., Rouached H. (2020). The Arkansas Clean Plant Center for Berries at the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station is moving into a renovated laboratory, expanding its capability to . Mineral nutrients from the soil can dissolve in water and then become available to plants. Sulfite reductase defines a newly discovered bottleneck for assimilatory sulfate reduction and is essential for growth and development in. Zn deficiency in a plant results in deformed chlorotic leaves, interveinal necrosis, decreased photosynthesis, and reduced biomass production leading to reduced plant growth, lesser yield, and poor nutritional quality of the produce (Zhao and Wu, 2017). (2021). The participation of different elements in the same compounds (i.e., N and S in methionine and cysteine; Fe and S in Fe-S clusters) can also cause their interactions (Astolfi et al., 2021). Kant S., Peng M., Rothstein S. J. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy.
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