[77] Measures had drastic consequences on the social fabric of the country even if, gradually, reforms gained acceptability and exported overseas to willing participants. Sir Isaac Newton PRS (25 December 1642 20 March 1726/27) was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author (described in his time as a "natural philosopher"), widely recognised as one of the greatest mathematicians and physicists and among the most influential scientists of all time. The surveys showed 1829-year-old Gen Xers did exhibit higher levels of cynicism and disaffection than previous cohorts of 1829-year-olds surveyed. Brahmagupta's Brhmasphuasiddhnta is the first book that mentions zero as a number, hence Brahmagupta is usually considered the first to formulate the concept of zero. According to Rose Tricia, "In rap, relationships between black cultural practice, social and economic conditions, technology, sexual and racial politics, and the institution policing of the popular terrain are complex and in constant motion". The earliest sonnets, however, no longer survive in Prometheus is best known for defying the gods by stealing fire from them and giving it to humanity in the form of technology, knowledge, and more generally, civilization.. U.S. Supreme Court's Barrett again declines to block Biden student debt relief (Reuters) -U.S. Supreme Court Justice Amy Coney Barrett on Friday again declined to block President Joe Biden's plan to cancel billions of dollars in student debt, this time in a challenge brought by two Indiana borrowers, even as a lower court considers whether to lift a freeze it imposed on the The birth control pill, introduced in 1960, was one contributing factor of declining birth rates. Download and listen to new, exclusive, electronic dance music and house tracks. The Partitions of Poland were three partitions of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 123 years. Another major factor was abortion, only available in a few states until its legalisation in a 1973 US Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade. [195] By the 1990s, punk rock re-emerged into the mainstream. [59][62] The Generation Map, a report from Australia's McCrindle Research Center writes of Gen X children: "their Boomer parents were the most divorced generation in Australian history". Welcome to books on Oxford Academic. The spelling draught reflects the older pronunciation, / d r x t /. "[145] In 2016, a global consumer insights project from Viacom International Media Networks and Viacom, based on over 12,000 respondents across 21 countries,[146] reported on Gen X's unconventional approach to sex, friendship, and family,[147] their desire for flexibility and fulfillment at work[148] and the absence of midlife crisis for Gen Xers. [58] However, increased immigration during the same period of time helped to partially offset declining birth-rates and contributed to making Generation X an ethnically and culturally diverse demographic cohort. [79], Government expenditure shifted from domestic programs to defense. [229] In France, Michel Houellebecq and Frdric Beigbeder rank among major novelists whose work also reflect the dissatisfaction and melancholies of the cohort. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk often later pursued other musical directions, resulting in a broad range of spinoffs. "[127] Furthermore, guides regarding managing multiple generations in the workforce describe Gen Xers as: independent, resilient, resourceful, self-managing, adaptable, cynical, pragmatic, skeptical of authority, and as seeking a work-life balance. Get information on latest national and international events & more. [191] It spawned a punk subculture which expressed a youthful rebellion, characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment (ranging from deliberately offensive T-shirts, leather jackets, studded or spiked bands and jewelry, as well as bondage and S&M clothes) and a variety of anti-authoritarian ideologies that have since been associated with the form. A fossil (from Classical Latin fossilis, lit. However, even before the collapse of the Soviet Union and the disbanding of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, surveys demonstrated that Russian young people repudiated the key features of the Communist worldview that their party leaders, schoolteachers, and even parents had tried to instill in them. Researchers and popular media use the mid-to-late 1960s as starting birth years and the late 1970s to early 1980s as ending birth years, with the generation being generally defined as people born from 1965 to 1980. "People made records entirely to please themselves because there was nobody else to please" commented producer Jack Endino. "[64], The Gen X childhood coincided with the sexual revolution of the 1960s to 1980s, which Susan Gregory Thomas described in her book In Spite of Everything as confusing and frightening for children in cases where a parent would bring new sexual partners into their home. [151] This generation, caught in the transition between MarxismLeninism and an unknown future, and wooed by the new domestic political classes, remained largely apathetic. [171] However, this figure did decrease as the economic situation improved reaching 17% by 1993. Few had experienced a Democratic administration and even then, only, at an atmospheric level. Utilizziamo cookie e altre tecnologie simili necessari per consentirti di effettuare acquisti, per migliorare le tue esperienze di acquisto e per fornire i nostri servizi, come descritto in dettaglio nella nostra Informativa sui cookie. LSA reported that "mean level of happiness was 7.5 and the median (middle score) was 8. Latchkey children became common among all socioeconomic demographics, but this was particularly so among middle- and upper-class children. [187], Gen Xers were the first cohort to come of age with MTV. [97] Furthermore, three decades of growth came to an end. In a 2007 article published in the Harvard Business Review, authors Strauss and Howe wrote of Generation X: "They are already the greatest entrepreneurial generation in U.S. history; their high-tech savvy and marketplace resilience have helped America prosper in the era of globalization. [66] Kramer vs. Kramer, a 1979 American legal drama based on Avery Corman's best-selling novel, came to epitomize the struggle for child custody and the demise of the traditional nuclear family. IDM Members' meetings for 2022 will be held from 12h45 to 14h30.A zoom link or venue to be sent out before the time.. Wednesday 16 February; Wednesday 11 May; Wednesday 10 August; Wednesday 09 November ", "How Millennials Could Upend Wall Street and Corporate America", "Distribution of Household Wealth in the U.S. since 1989", "Demographics of Age: Generational and Cohort Confusion", "Actually, Gen X Did Sell Out, Invent All Things Millennial, and Cause Everything Else That's Great and Awful", "More work, more sleep: New study offers glimpse of daily life as a millennial", "LGBT Identification Rises to 5.6% in Latest U.S. ", "Millennials: spirituality, sex, and the screen", "Generation X? This IAB State of Data 2022 (Part II) report marks the fifth year and sixth installment of IABs State of Data research, which examines how changes in privacy legislation, the deprecation of third-party cookies and identifiers, and platform policies are affecting data collection, addressability, [174] Gen X was also ranked highest among fellow workers for having the strongest work ethic (chosen by 59.5%), being the most helpful (55.4%), the most skilled (54.5%), and the best troubleshooters/problem-solvers (41.6%). These effects turned into romantic narratives of their childhood. Five years later, these numbers were fairly similar at 38% Labour, 35% Conservative and 19% Liberal Democrats, a party by then formed from the previously mentioned alliance. [202] The Guardian wrote that grunge "didn't recycle banal cliches but tackled weighty subjects". In 1986, President Reagan signed the Anti-Drug Abuse Act to enforce strict mandatory minimum sentencing for drug users. (Hot copy: an industry update)", "What's The Defining Moment of Your Generation? In the U.S., the Pew Research Center, a non-partisan think-tank, delineates a Generation X period of 19651980 which has, albeit gradually, come to gain acceptance in academic circles. [166][165] As older members of the cohort reached the end of their mandatory schooling, levels of educational enrollment among older adolescents remained below much of the Western world. President Ronald Reagan, voted in office principally by the boomer generation,[76] embraced laissez-faire economics with vigor. grunge, grindcore and related genres). Newly created companies, launched on stock exchanges globally, were formed with dubitable revenue generation or cash flow. [94] In addition, unlike Boomers and previous generations, women outpaced men in college completion rates. As a result, Xers will spark a renaissance of entrepreneurship in economic life, even as overall confidence in economic institutions declines. [67], The rapid influx of boomer women into the labor force that began in the 1970s was marked by the confidence of many in their ability to successfully pursue a career while meeting the needs of their children. [177], At the 1997 General election where Labour won a large majority of seats and a comfortable lead in the popular vote, research suggests that voters under the age of 35 were more likely to vote labour if they turned out than the wider electorate but significantly less likely to vote than in 1992. [41] PricewaterhouseCoopers, a multinational professional services network headquartered in London, describes Generation X employees as those born from 1965 to 1980. [86], At school, several computer projects were supported by the Department of Education under United States Secretary of Education Terrel Bell's "Technology Initiative". Previously, the cohort had been referred to as Post-Boomers, Baby Busters (which refers to the drop in birth rates following the baby boom in the western world, particularly in the USA[where? Selezione delle preferenze relative ai cookie. The social contract between employers and employees, which had endured during the 1960s and 1970s and was scheduled to last until retirement, was no longer applicable. [98], On the political front, in the U.S. the generation became ambivalent if not outright disaffected with politics. The spelling draught reflects the older pronunciation, / d r x t /. [104], Negative stereotypes of Gen X young adults continued, including that they were "bleak, cynical, and disaffected". Generation X (or Gen X for short) is the demographic cohort following the baby boomers and preceding the millennials. [216], In addition to lyrical self-glorification, hip hop was also used as a form of social protest. These changes have been faster for women than for men. ", "Thatcher's children: the lives of Generation X", "The symbolic target of 50% at university reached", "1980s recession was worse for young people", "Generation X-ers found to be the best workers in the UK", "Are generation X the UK's hardest workers? Selezione delle preferenze relative ai cookie. Self-esteem is confidence in one's own worth or abilities. [93] By 1998, the generation's last year of college enrollment, those entering the higher education sector totaled 14.3million. Grades PreK - 12 Twenty-nine percent of Generation X adults were very happy with a score of 9 or 10 on the scale. The Pope's Children were in position to benefit from the Celtic Tiger and the newly liberal culture, where the Catholic Church had significantly less social power. Today's Young Adults Have Fought Wars Fiercely, Reversed Unfortunate Social Trends and Are Proving Themselves to be Another 'Great Generation', "Events Hand Generation X A 'Real Role to Play', "The Generation X Report: Active, Balanced, and Happy", "NSF funds launch of a new LSAY 7th grade cohort in 2015 NIH-NIA fund continued study of original LSAY students", "Long-term Survey Reveals Gen Xers Are Active, Balanced and Happy", "Study says Generation X is balanced and happy", "Generation X: America's neglected 'middle child', "CREATING A CULTURE OF INCLUSION -- LEVERAGING GENERATIONAL DIVERSITY: At-a-Glance", "What to Expect From Gen-X and Millennial Employees", "Comparing the levels of individualism/collectivism between baby boomers and generation X: Implications for teamwork", "The next 20 years: How customer and workforce attitudes will evolve", "Why Generation X is Sparking a Renaissance in Entrepreneurship", "Is College Still Worth It? rising divorce rates, the AIDS epidemic, advancements in ICT), there is not one U.S.-born raised concept but multiple perspectives and geographical outgrowths. Acquisto on-line da un'ampia selezione presso il negozio CD e Vinili. A MetLife report noted: "media would portray them as the Friends generation: rather self-involved and perhaps aimlessbut fun". ", "Reality Bites Back: To Really Get Gen Z, Look at the Parents", "Here's which generation you're part of based on your birth year and why those distinctions exist", "Council Post: As Baby Boomers Near Retirement, Companies Risk A Leadership Shortage", "Why Gen X Is Not A Forgotten Financial Generation", "A New Generational Contract: The final report of the Intergenerational Commission", "Engaging a cross-generational volunteer force", "Addressing the Ambiguity Surrounding Contemporary Generational Measurement Parameters", "Generation X and Political Correctness: Ideological and Religious Transformation Among Students", "Are you a Xennial? [192] By 1977 the influence of punk rock music and its subculture became more pervasive, spreading throughout various countries worldwide. [62][90] In the U.S., Title IX, which passed in 1972, provided increased athletic opportunities to Gen X girls in the public school setting. In Greek mythology, Prometheus (/ p r m i i s /; Ancient Greek: , [promtus], possibly meaning "forethought") is a Titan god of fire. The Revolutions of 1989 and the collapse of the socialist utopia with the fall of the Berlin Wall, moreover, added to the disillusionment that any alternative to the capitalist model was possible. U.S. Supreme Court's Barrett again declines to block Biden student debt relief (Reuters) -U.S. Supreme Court Justice Amy Coney Barrett on Friday again declined to block President Joe Biden's plan to cancel billions of dollars in student debt, this time in a challenge brought by two Indiana borrowers, even as a lower court considers whether to lift a freeze it imposed on the [63] In the early 1980s, the growth in the use of personal computers exploded. This resulted in an increase in latchkey children, leading to the terminology of the "latchkey generation" for Generation X. [181][182] At the 2016 EU membership referendum and 2017 general election, Generation X was split with younger members appearing to back remain and Labour and older members tending towards Leave and Conservative in a British electorate more polarised by age than ever before. Writing for Pew's Trend magazine in 2018, psychologist Jean Twenge observed that the "birth year boundaries of Gen X are debated but settle somewhere around 19651980". Compare hotel deals, offers and read unbiased reviews on hotels. The totality of fossils is known as the fossil record. He was a key figure in the philosophical revolution June 12, 2005 Youve got to find what you love, Jobs says. [13][10][14] In 1987, Coupland had written a piece in Vancouver Magazine titled "Generation X" which was "the seed of what went on to become the book". [62][80], Gen Xers came of age or were children during the 1980s crack epidemic, which disproportionately impacted urban areas as well as the African-American community. 'obtained by digging') is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved in amber, hair, petrified wood, oil, coal, and DNA remnants. Draft emerged in the 16th century to reflect the change in pronunciation. [108] Younger members of Gen X, straddling across administrations, politically experienced a "liberal renewal". Smith is most known for his View Askewniverse films, the flagship film being Clerks, which is set in New Jersey circa 1994, and focuses on two convenience-store clerks in their twenties. [5] Jason Dorsey, who works for the Center of Generational Kinetics, observed that like their parents from Generation X, members of Generation Z tend to be autonomous and pessimistic. [81][82], Fear of the impending AIDS epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s loomed over the formative years of Generation X. Manufacturers such as Commodore, Atari, and Apple responded to the demand via 8-bit and 16-bit machines. His policies included cuts in the growth of government spending, reduction in taxes for the higher echelon of society, legalization of stock buybacks, and deregulation of key industries. Or whether others think of them at all. Self-esteem encompasses beliefs about oneself (for example, "I am loved", "I am worthy") as well as emotional states, such as triumph, despair, pride, and shame. In some Western countries, the sale of garlic preparations ranks with those of leading prescription drugs. [120] In October 2001, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer wrote of Gen Xers: "Now they could be facing the most formative events of their lives and their generation. You could say that in many ways, these are Irelands real boomers. For those on the left of the political spectrum, the disappointments with the previous boomer student mobilizations of the 1960s and the collapse of those movements towards a consumerist "greed is good" and "yuppie" culture during the 1980s felt, to a greater extent, hypocrisy if not outright betrayal. They were among the first children to be bused to attain integration in the public school system. [167] There was, however, broadly a rise in education levels among this age range as Generation X passed through it. In the 1990s, Strauss reported Gen Xers were "by any measure the least racist of today's generations". [28] The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) defines the years for Gen X as between 1964 and 1979. The six-person marketing department at Nashville Public Library is made up of enthusiastic collaboratorswilling to listen, iterate, contribute to each others strengths, and involve the rest of the library in coming up with great ideaswith a strong leader who inspires creativity and teamwide respect. How to tell if you're the microgeneration between Gen X and Millennial", "Reasonable People Disagree about the Post-Gen X, Pre-Millennial Generation", "The Biggest (And Best) Difference Between Millennial and My Generation", "U.S. Census Age and Sex Composition: 2010", "The Generation X Report: Active, Balanced, and Happy: These Young Americans are not Bowling Alone", "The Power of the Pill: Oral Contraceptives and Women's Career and Marriage Decisions", "Trends in the characteristics of women obtaining abortions, 1974 to 2004", "A Generation Stuck in the Middle Turns 50", "What Future Awaits Today's Youth in the New Millennium? After the film was released, "journalists and critics thought they put a finger on what was different about these young adults in that 'they were reluctant to grow up' and 'disdainful of earnest action'". For those in the West, there was a period of discovery and exploration of what had been a forbidden land. Harvard University defines Generation X the syntactical, grammatical, or structural form peculiar to a language. [203] Topics of grunge lyrics included homelessness, suicide, rape,[204] broken homes, drug addiction, self-loathing,[205] misogyny, domestic abuse and finding "meaning in an indifferent universe". Commedia dell'arte (/ k m e d i d l r t e, k -,- m d i ,- r t i /; Italian: [kommdja dellarte]; lit. [224], While not a member of Gen X himself, director John Hughes has been recognized as having created classic 1980s teen films with early Gen X characters which "an entire generation took ownership of", including The Breakfast Club,[225][226] Sixteen Candles, Weird Science, and Ferris Bueller's Day Off. [12] These uses of the term appear to have no connection to Robert Capa's photo-essay.[8]. As adolescents and young adults in the 1980s and 1990s, Xers were dubbed the "MTV Generation" (a reference to the music video channel), sometimes being characterized as slackers, cynical, and disaffected. The race and appearance of Jesus has been a topic of discussion since the days of early Christianity.Various theories about the race of Jesus have been proposed and debated. [68][69][70] These children lacked adult supervision in the hours between the end of the school day and when a parent returned home from work in the evening, and for longer periods of time during the summer. [Contraception was only available under prescription in 1978 and without prescription in 1985; divorce was illegal until 1996.] He gave rules of using zero with negative and positive numbers, such as "zero plus a positive number is a positive number, and a negative number plus zero is the negative number." This increase is most pronounced among women, for whom the number jumped from 21% to 31%. By the Middle Ages, a number of documents, generally of unknown or questionable origin, had been composed and were circulating with details of the appearance of Jesus.These documents are [199] Vulture commented: "the best bands arose from the boredom of latchkey kids". [183][184] At the 2019 general election, voting trends continued to be heavily divided by age but a plurality of younger as well as older generation X members (then 39 to 55 year olds) voted Conservative. In much of the western world, a similar time period was defined by a dominance of conservatism and free market economics. Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. For those at the tail-end of the generation, educational and defence reforms, a new style baccalaurat gnral with three distinct streams in 1995 (the preceding programme, introduced in 1968) the 2002 licence-master-doctorat reform for first millennial graduates (DEUG, Matrise, DESS and DEA degrees no longer awarded), and the cessation of military conscription in 1997 (for those born after January 1979) are considered as new transition points to the next. [55] In their 1991 book Generations, authors Howe and Strauss indicated that the total number of Gen X individuals in the U.S. was 88.5million.[56]. Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. "[26] Pew takes into account other factors, notably the labor market as well as attitudinal and behavioral trends of a group. For former East Germans, there was adaptation, but also a sense of loss of accustomed values and structures. Hence, the preoccupation on "authenticity" and not "selling-out". Acquisto on-line da un'ampia selezione presso il negozio CD e Vinili. [17] In the book proposal for his novel, Coupland writes that Generation X is "taken from the name of Billy Idols long-defunct punk band of the late 1970s". He described them as the hardest-working group since the World War II generation. [54] In a 2012 article for the Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, George Masnick wrote that the "Census counted 82.1million" Gen Xers in the U.S. Masnick concluded that immigration filled in any birth year deficits during low fertility years of the late 1960s and early 1970s. [194] In the late 1970s, punk experienced its second wave. Senior Aaron McGruder's Edgy Hip-Hop Comic Gets Raves, but No Takers", "Spin magazine picks Radiohead CD as best", Album Reviews: Ultramagnetic MC's: Critical Beatdown, "From Kool Herc to 50 Cent, the story of rap so far", "The social significance of rap & hip-hop culture", "My Generation Believes We Can Do Anything", "Happy Birthday John Hughes: The Voice of My So-Called 'Lost Generation', "Heart attacks are becoming more common in younger people, especially women", "15 Aspects That Highlight How Generation Z Is Different From Millennials", "Reality bites back: To understand Gen Z, look to the Gen X parents", "Generation X's journey from jaded to sated", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Generation_X&oldid=1115575397, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from March 2022, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 12 October 2022, at 04:22. In most jurisdictions, bankruptcy is imposed by a court order, often initiated by the debtor.. They were also significantly more likely to have children later in life than their predecessors. "[142][143][144], Although, globally, children and adolescents of Generation X will have been heavily influenced by U.S. cultural industries with shared global currents (e.g. [25] Moreover, although fertility rates are preponderant in the definition of start and end dates, the center remarks: "Generations are analytical constructs, it takes time for popular and expert consensus to develop as to the precise boundaries that demarcate one generation from another. Additionally, they compared how older adults answered the same survey questions over time. Commedia dell'arte (/ k m e d i d l r t e, k -,- m d i ,- r t i /; Italian: [kommdja dellarte]; lit. [169] Later, the Further and Higher Education Act 1992 and the liberalisation of higher education in the UK saw greater numbers of those born towards the tail-end of the generation gaining university places. [173], A 2016 study of over 2,500 British office workers conducted by Workfront found that survey respondents of all ages selected those from Generation X as the hardest-working employees and members of the workforce (chosen by 60%). Harvard University defines Generation X [156][157] The appropriateness of the term to Ireland has been questioned, with Darach Saghdha noting that "Generation X is usually contrasted with the one before by growing up in smaller and different family units on account of their parents having greater access to contraception and divorce again, things that were not widely available in Ireland. Strike action culminated in the "Winter of Discontent" in 197879, and the Troubles began to unfold in Northern Ireland. The literature of early Gen Xers is often dark and introspective. Acts that were not active during its formative years adopted the style. [9][60][61] Strauss and Howe described a cultural shift where the long-held societal value of staying together for the sake of the children was replaced with a societal value of parental and individual self-actualization. Gallup,[34] Bloomberg,[35] Business Insider,[36] and Forbes[37][38] use 19651980. Smith and Mackie (2007) defined it by saying "The self-concept is what we think about the self; self-esteem, is the positive or negative evaluations of In Greek mythology, Prometheus (/ p r m i i s /; Ancient Greek: , [promtus], possibly meaning "forethought") is a Titan god of fire. He reported "surveys consistently find 80% to 90% of Gen Xers self-confident and optimistic". Gordiner cites Steve Jobs as an example, while Gen Xers, he argues, are more likely to "just quietly do their thing".[6][132]. Arguably in a similar way to punk, a sense of disillusionment, angst and anger catalysed hard rock and heavy metal to grow from the earlier influence of rock. P.M. Press, 2012). Garlic has attracted particular attention of modern medicine because of widespread belief about its effects in maintaining good health. [57] These policies are commonly referred to as the Early Legal Access (ELA) laws. The New Calculus of Falling Returns", "Meet Mr. and Mrs. Gen X: A New Parent Generation", "Volunteering and Civic Life in America: Generation X Volunteer Rates", "Civilian Labor Force Participation Rate: Women", "Civilian Labor Force Participation Rate: Men", "Economic Mobility: Is the American Dream Alive and Well? Microsofts Activision Blizzard deal is key to the companys mobile gaming efforts. In other words, adults of all ages were more cynical and disaffected in the 1990s, not just Generation X. The birth of franchise mega-sequels in the science fiction, fantasy, and horror fiction genres, such as the epic space opera Star Wars and the Halloween franchise, had a profound and notable cultural influence. The early 1980s recession saw unemployment rise to 10.8% in 1982; requiring, more often than not, dual parental incomes. I think that's germane." [69] The higher the educational attainment of the parents, the higher the odds the children of this time would be latchkey children, due to increased maternal participation in the workforce at a time before childcare options outside the home were widely available. While unemployment was low in the early 1970s, industrial and social unrest escalated. Get the latest local Detroit and Michigan breaking news and analysis , sports and scores, photos, video and more from The Detroit News. We've developed a suite of premium Outlook features for people with advanced email and calendar needs. In the U.S., authors such as Elizabeth Wurtzel, David Foster Wallace, Bret Easton Ellis, and Douglas Coupland captured the zeitgeist of this generation. A sonnet is a poetic form that originated in the poetry composed at the Court of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in the Sicilian city of Palermo.The 13th-century poet and notary Giacomo da Lentini is credited with the sonnet's invention, and the Sicilian School of poets who surrounded him then spread the form to the mainland.
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