To address achieve partial invariance, we identified the source of non-invariance by sequentially releasing item intercept constraints until the model was invariant (Putnick & Bornstein, 2016). When examining this item, it does not appear to differ in terms of its content in comparison to other items, such that it fits well within the general concept of perceived tolerance of distress tolerance. Distress Tolerance Scale; bifactor analysis; emotional distress intolerance; psychometrics. Frenkel-Brunswik E. Meaning of psychoanalytic concepts and confirmation of psychoanalytic theories. Development of this scale was informed by rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) and the associated belief system composed of intolerance of frustration and discomfort. Steketee G, Frost R, Cohen I. Beliefs in obsessive-compulsive disorder. The CO2 challenge task developed by Brown and colleagues (2005) lasts 15-minutes and includes two 20% CO2 presentations set to occur at 7 minutes and 12 minutes (Brown et al., 2005). The DTS is a 15-item self-report measure of distress tolerance across four subscales: Tolerance, Appraisal, Absorption, and Regulation and an overall total. Ill do anything to stop feeling distressed or upset.) with good test-retest reliability (intra-class r = .63). Brandon and colleagues (2003) found that the APT demonstrated good reliability ratings across 6 trials among a sample of smokers ( = .85). The DTS is valid and reliable and suitable to use for assessing distress tolerance. Distress tolerance refers to both an individuals perceived and actual ability to tolerate aversive physical and emotional states (Leyro, Zvolensky & Bernstein, 2010). Effects of noise, heat and indoor lighting on cognitive performance and self-reported affect. It is plausible that the very difficulties in withstanding distress underlying dysregulated behaviours such as NSSI, may limit an individuals capacity to accurately observe and report specific thoughts and emotions experienced in a heightened distressed state, which may impact the validity of results on self-report measures such as the Distress Tolerance Scale. Schmidt NB, Trakowski JH. Although the PASAT has been used primarily as an index of sustained attention and concentration, researchers have noted the difficulty of the PASAT and its elicited perceived stress, negative affect, unwillingness to engage in the task, as well as propensity toward early termination,of, the task among participants (Tombaugh, 2006). Norton RW. In: Matthews KA, Weiss SM, Detre T, Dembroski TM, Falkner B, Manuck SB, Williams RB Jr, editors. Madigan NK, DeLuca J, Diamond BJ, Tramontano G, Averill A. In: Baer RA, editor. The Distress Tolerance Scale is a 15-item self-report questionnaire measuring ability to experience and tolerate negative affect. REFERENCES Bandura A (1988) Self-efficacy conception of anxiety. Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) . the scale consists of four subscales: tolerance (three items, for example 'i can't handle feeling distressed or upset'), appraisal (six items, for example 'my feelings of distress or being upset are not acceptable'), absorption (three items, for example 'my feelings of distress are so intense that they completely take over') and regulation (three In one such recent attempt to understand these associations, McHugh and colleagues (in press) examined shared variance among a variety of self-report and behavioral indices of distress tolerance. Thus, from this perspective, tolerance of distress is a perhaps narrower construct than emotion dysregulation per se. Rigidity of attitudes regarding personal habits and its ideological correlates. Performance on this task is determined as the percent of time during the trial that the tracer is off the figure (Matthews & Stoney, 1988). First, smoking deprivation could increase physiological and interoceptive perturbations (e.g., nicotine withdrawal symptoms), and thereby, decrease availability of resources to tolerate distress. A prospective examination of distress tolerance and early smoking lapse in self-quitters. Figure 2. A higher-order distress tolerance score is calculated by averaging the subscale mean scores. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Riding the emotional roller coaster: The role of distress tolerance in non-suicidal self-injury. Likewise, theory and empirical study has been characterized by a large degree of heterogeneity across areas of research. Findings showed the hypothesized timetreatmentdistress tolerance interaction, and thereby indicated that participants with lower distress tolerance who received MBRP treatment experienced a greater curvilinear decrease in AOD use days over time than those with lower distress tolerance who received TAU. It has not been subjected to the final copyediting, fact-checking, and proofreading required for formal publication. The use of these primary and secondary search terms resulted in 53 total searches, yielding approximately 721 and 2,007 article hits from PsychINFO and MEDLINE databases, respectively. Participants are then asked to either indicate to the experimenter (e.g., by raising hand or verbally; Postman & Solomon, 1950) that they have reached a solution in order to receive a point or to move on to the next anagram stimulus in the event that they cannot solve the word (Eisenberger & Leonard, 1980). Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal. The .gov means its official. NSSI is a behaviour receiving increasing attention from both researchers and clinicians, given its associations with negative psychological outcomes and heightened risk of suicide over time (Whitlock et al., 2013). The importance of high distress tolerance in the relationship between nonsuicidal self-injury and suicide potential. Currently, we know little about the means by which individuals express tolerance or intolerance to unwanted or distressing affective states or the automatic or effortful strategies they may use to respond to tolerance/intolerance. As day-to-day life experiences often involve uncertain events and outcomes, individual variation in the ability to tolerate uncertainty may be a central construct for understanding the degree to which persons may worry about, and experience emotional distress (e.g., elevated state anxiety) in response to, such stimuli (Dugas, Schwartz, & Francis, 2004). For example, distress tolerance may theoretically be conceptualized as a lower-order component of a higher-order emotional dysregulation construct. These accounts are often focused on distinct conceptualizations of the distress tolerance construct(s) as a putative risk or maintenance factor(s) among persons with, or at-risk for, various psychological disorders (Gross & Munoz, 1995; Lynch & Bronner, 2006; Mennin, Heimberg, Turk, & Fresco, 2002; Zvolensky & Otto, 2007). Additionally, while NSSI is prevalent amongst university students, it is unlikely that many would meet the diagnostic criteria for the proposed NSSI disorder (Kiekens, Hasking & Boyes, 2019). Here, they found that whereas discomfort intolerance was not predictive of greater fear response in the clinical group, high relative to low scores were associated with significantly greater fear responding in the non-clinical group. Future research may focus on understanding this fundamental aspect of the nature of this construct(s). An investigation of the relationship between positive affect regulation and depression. Willoughby SG, Hailey BJ, Mulkana S, Rowe J. Language-based measures of mindfulness: initial validity and clinical utility. Finally, tests of validity indicated that relative to Factor 2, Factor 1 was significantly more strongly related to the presence of GAD, trait anxiety, anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms; however, both factors were equally correlated with generalized worry (Sexton & Dugas, 2009). A related limitation of extant work using self-report and biobehavioral methods to operationalize distress tolerance involves a seldom recognized construct-method confound, an apparent accident of the distress tolerance research literature. Several key theoretical models of NSSI, including the Emotional Cascade Model (Selby, Anestis & Joiner, 2008), the Experiential Avoidance Model (Chapman, Gratz & Brown, 2006) and the Cognitive-Emotional Model (Hasking et al., 2017), specify a central role for emotion regulation in the onset and maintenance of self-injury. Distress tolerance as a predictor of early treatment dropout in a residential substance abuse treatment facility. Work utilizing experimental manipulation of oxygen and CO2 levels and behavioral responses to these biological challenge tasks as indices of distress tolerance has been applied to addiction and substance abuse research. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. A second, formative gap in the distress tolerance literature involves theory and empirical tests of the linkages between the distress tolerance construct(s)/measures and conceptually overlapping and putatively related risk and protective factors and processes. Kim DY, Hong SH, Jang SH, Park SH, Noh JH, Seok JM, Jo HJ, Son CG, Lee EJ. Descriptive statistics are presented in Table 1. Stber J. In addition, in a large sample of students (n = 2,114), Ko and colleagues (2008) found that greater FDS Discomfort Intolerance sub-scale scores were related to greater levels of internet addiction among males and females). Schmidt NB, Richey JA, Fitzpatrick KK. Temperatures of 90 F or above and 50 F or below are most reliably and strongly related to detrimental cognitive-related task performance (Pilcher et al., 2002). Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale - Revision to, 7. Mindfulness-based treatment approaches: Clinician's guide to evidence base and applications. For example, intolerance of uncertainty may have greater explanatory specificity with respect to certain forms of psychopathology (e.g., GAD), whereas other operational measures of perceived distress tolerance of negative affective states may, broadly speaking, be trans-diagnostically related to multiple forms of psychopathology. Furthermore, among these daily smokers, levels of psychiatric symptoms were significantly negatively correlated with breath-holding duration during the smoking deprivation, but not the smoking-as-usual session (Bernstein et al., 2008). government site. An alternative perspective is that these biobehavioral tasks do index distress tolerance insofar as these tasks may reflect individual differences in motivation to seek negative reinforcement (via task termination) relative to motivation to seek other delayed (positive) reinforcement opportunities (i.e., task performance rewards). Results from chi-square difference tests indicate allowing these items to correlate significantly improved the baseline fit of the higher-order model in the total sample 2(2) = 75.561, p < 0.001, within the sub-sample of individuals with a history of NSSI 2(2) = 24.355, p < 0.001, and within the sub-sample of individuals without a history of NSSI 2(2) = 47.708, p < 0.001. Worry, problem elaboration and suppression of imagery: The role of concreteness. PMC Of these, 188 (87.4%) were female, 173 (80.5%) were born in Australia, and 202 (94%) were studying an undergraduate bachelor degree. Thus, mixed findings with respect to low levels of distress tolerance and psychopathology vulnerability would be expectable. These lines are followed by one or more complex drawings that are extremely difficult, or practically impossible, to trace with accuracy (Daughters, Lejuez, Bornovalova et al., 2005; Daughters, Lejuez, Kahler et al., 2005; Quinn et al, 1996). For example, Daughters and colleagues (2005) found that individuals PASAT termination was related to the duration of the most recent drug/alcohol cessation attempt among 89 individuals in an inner-city residential drug treatment facility (Daughters, Lejuez, Kahler et al., 2005). They have been studied explicitly as biobehavioral indices of distess tolerance across a variety of literatures. The American Psychological Association and its Council of Editors disclaim any responsibility or liabilities for errors or omissions of this manuscript version, any version derived from this manuscript by NIH, or other third parties. Inspection of research over the past century indicates that researchers and clinicians have, in fact, had a long-standing interest in elucidating the role of distress tolerance focused on a wide range of aversive internal states (e.g., negative emotions, uncomfortable bodily sensations; Frenkel-Brunswik, 1948, 1951; Hajek, 1991; Hajek, Belcher, & Stapleton, 1987; Linehan, 1993; Simons & Gaher, 2005). The associations among self-criticism, hopelessness, rumination, and NSSI in adolescents: a moderated mediation model. Their results also indicated that experiencing greater positive affect might protect against negative appraisals of distress. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The empirical investigation of thermal environmental affects on humans has been explored since the 18th Century (Blagden, 1775a, 1775b). DIS scores also concurrently correlate with motives to use tobacco for habitual, addictive and negative affect reduction reasons, but not other types of motives (e.g., sensory satisfaction; Leyro, Zvolensky, Vujanovic, & Bernstein, 2008). In: Bernstein A, Zvolensky MJ, Vujanovic AA, editors. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. The multifaceted role of distress tolerance in dysregulated eating behaviors. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Finally, the adult literature on distress tolerance is sufficiently large to justify a focused review. Separating Common from Unique Variance Within Emotional Distress: An Examination of Reliability and Relations to Worry. Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is operationalized as individual differences in the tendency to react in an intolerable fashion (emotionally, cognitively, or behaviorally) to uncertain situations and events (Buhr & Dugas, 2002; Dugas, Buhr, & Ladouceur, 2004). Each set typically consists of 60 trials, or opportunities to correctly respond, and each trial consists of a set inter-stimulus interval (ISI), which is the amount of time between digit presentations. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, International Society for the Study of Self-Injury (2018), Non-suicidal self-injury, Distress tolerance, Measurement, Measurement invariance. (2008) found that smokers who experienced a panic attack during a hyperventilation procedure evidenced lower levels of distress tolerance based upon latency to termination of a second hyperventilation procedure. Boyes ME, Wilmot A, Hasking PA. Nonsuicidal self-injury-related differences in the experience of negative and positive emotion. Specifically, lower levels of distress tolerance under conditions of higher degrees of life stress were related to greater endorsement of the aforementioned outcomes. Despite this improvement, the higher-order model still remained a poor fit among individuals with a history of NSSI (Table 2). Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAKAAAAB4CAYAAAB1ovlvAAADOUlEQVR4Xu3XQUpjYRCF0V9RcOIW3I8bEHSgBtyJ28kmsh5x4iQEB6/BWQ . Configural (M1) and full metric (M2) invariance was supported for the lower-order four factor model, but the 2 test statistic indicated full scalar (M3.1) invariance was not supported (Table 3). This secondary analysis evaluated the basic psychometric properties of the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) in a clinical sample of individuals with AOD-use disorders and tested whether distress tolerance for negative psychological states moderated treatment effects on AOD outcomes in an initial efficacy trial of mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP). Victor SE, Klonsky ED. With regard to hyperventilation, in a sample of 95 daily cigarette smokers, Marshall et al. First, the assessment of subjective distress among children and its regulation differs in fundamental ways from that of adults (Garber, 1984; Yule, 1993). Jones A, Spindler H, Jorgensen MM, Zachariae R. The effect of situation-evoked anxiety and gender on pain report using the cold pressor test. may contaminate my clothes or somehow harm me. Although the IU construct may share some conceptual similarity to TOA, it is distinct from TOA insofar as IU is expressly focused on tolerance for uncertain, future-oriented, rather than ambiguous, here and now, life events (Grenier, Barrette, & Ladouceur, 2005). In: Morton L, editor. Ashley Slabbert and Danyelle Greene are supported by Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) scholarships. Utilizing this scale, in an investigation among 118 HIV-positive patients, OCleirigh and colleagues (2007) found that DTS scores moderated the associations between number of life events rated negatively over the previous 6 months and depressive symptoms, use of substances in a coping-oriented manner, alcohol use, and cocaine use in the past month, and number of reported reasons for missing HIV medication dosages (OCleirigh, Ironson, & Smits, 2007). Along this line, future research may usefully involve study of the following constructs in relation to distress tolerance and psychopathology vulnerability: experiential avoidance (Hayes et al., 1999), emotional suppression (Richards & Gross, 2000), and avoidant (Folkman & Lazarus, 1986) or disengagement-related coping (Compas, Connor-Smith, Saltzman, Thomsen, & Wadsworth, 2001), emotion (dys)regulation (Kashdan & Steger, 2006), anxiety sensitivity (Bernstein et al., 2007; McNally, 2002; Taylor, 1999), and personality-based perspectives on persistence (Barkley, 1997; Cloninger et al., 1991). The DIS demonstrated good test-retest stability over 12 weeks among a sub-set of the clinical sample (Schmidt et al., 2006). We now present the major conceptual distinctions and similarities between these constructs and distress tolerance, in an effort to guide future empirical work on distress tolerance and its putative nomological network. Multiple possibilities may account for these findings, including pre-elevated levels of anxiety among the clinical groups. Theoretically, individuals who experience greater difficulties tolerating intense emotion are less willing (or able) to withstand distress and more likely to self-injure as a means of escaping the aversive emotional state (Chapman, Gratz & Brown, 2006). and transmitted securely. Biological bases of distress tolerance. As a result, a comprehensive synthesis of theoretical and empirical scholarship on distress tolerance including integration of extant research on the relations between distress tolerance and psychopathology is lacking. 2019;50(2):437448. This perspective on distress tolerance and related processes reflects the theoretical context for empirical study of the potential relations between distress tolerance and risk and resilience to various forms of psychopathology. When using the task as a measure of distress tolerance, tolerance is measured as the average time spent on tasks that the individual was unable to complete (Daughers, Lejuez, Bornovalova et al., 2005; Daughters, Lejuez, Kahler et al., 2005; Quinn et al., 1996). Harrington N. Dimensions of frustration intolerance and their relationships to self-control problems. Meganck R, Vanheule S, Desmet M. Factorial validity and measurement invariance of the 20-item toronto alexithymia scale in clinical and nonclinical samples. Standard contingencies in studies that use biobehavioral methods of measuring distress tolerance--specifically those that utilize cognitive-frustration tasksoften include positive reinforcement. PMC When its time to act uncertainty paralyzes me.; 10 items); (2) Uncertainty is Stressful and Upsetting subscale (e.g. Anxiety sensitivity: Theory, research, and treatment of the fear of anxiety. Initial work on the IUS-12 indicated acceptable degrees of internal consistency for each of the two moderately correlated factors (Carleton et al., 2007). Motivation and Emotion . Figure 2. The TOA construct has seemingly strong parallels to more contemporary perspectives on information processing biases for emotion-relevant information (MacLeod & Mathews, 1991; McNally, 1996), emphasizing the tendency to respond to ambiguous stimuli as negative and personally threatening (Clark et al., 1997). Although there are numerous factors that could influence distress tolerance, one useful starting point, in terms of theory, would be to direct scientific attention on individual differences in the tendency to experience positive and negative mood states (Watson, 2000). The tridimensional personality questionnaire: U.S. normative data. We have organzied the review into four key sections. Many distress tolerance scales explicitly ask individuals to rate their degree of discomfort/(in)tolerance to various aversive (distressing) states. Dugas MJ, Ladouceur R. Treatment of GAD: targeting intolerance of uncertainty in two types of worry. equal pattern of factor loadings), metric (i.e. It also is noteworthy that psychometric analysis supported a four-factor multidimensional model and did not indicate a higher-order or global frustration tolerance factor. Asmundson GJ, Stein MB. Measurement invariance was supported if the configural model demonstrated acceptable fit and each of the subsequent models showed a non-significant change in chi-square test statistic and a change in CFI of <0.01 and in RMSEA of <0.015 and SRMR of <0.030 (for metric invariance) or <0.015 (for scalar or residual invariance; Chen, 2007) from the previous levels. Prior to the task, participants are encouraged to try their best, and in some cases, told that their level of performance will influence their monetary compensation (Daughters, Lejuez, Bornovalova et al., 2005; Daughters, Lejuez, Kahler et al., 2005; Strong et al. Consequently, full residual error invariance was satisfied however this was contingent on the partial scalar model where the intercept constraints for item 10 were released. women and men) may result in one group (i.e. Danyelle Greene performed the experiments, analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft. Sass D. Testing measurement invariance and comparing latent factor means within a confirmatory factor analysis framework. Participants (N=168) in the parent RCT were recruited from a private, nonprofit agency providing inpatient and outpatient care for individuals with AOD-use disorders. All analyses were conducted using MPlus v7.4 (Muthen & Muthen, 2017)1 Nov, pp. An evaluation of the role of smoking context on a biobehavioral index of distress tolerance. The ISAS demonstrates good four week test-retest reliability, (r = 0.85; Klonsky & Olino, 2008). Initial work suggests that the FDS is multi-dimensional, consisting of four sub-scales comprising seven items each; all exhibit good internal consistency (Discomfort Intolerance, Entitlement, Emotional Intolerance, and Achievement/Frustration). Measurement Invariance of Perfectionism Measures in Students with and without a History of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury. Kashdan TB, Steger M. Expanding the topography of social anxiety: An experience-sampling assessment of positive emotions, positive events, and emotion suppression. The DTS has four subscales: Tolerance, Appraisal, Absorption and Regulation. Because distress tolerance constructs have been studied typically in separate lines of research with respect to distinct forms of psychopathology, no single overarching theory has emerged from these lines of work. See this image and copyright information in PMC. In this instance, high levels of distress tolerance may facilitate ongoing interpersonal maltreatment and related suffering. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Such work, although limited in overall scope, suggests that discomfort intolerance may be a risk marker or factor candidate for certain anxiety symptoms and disorders. Items are summed and multiplied by 2, to obtain scores that are comparable to the full version of the DASS. Generating an ePub file may take a long time, please be patient. During administration of the PASAT-C, Level 1 transitions to Level 2 (Lejuez et al., 2003), which is followed by a 2-minute rest period before participants are prompted to complete Level 3 (Lejuez et al., 2003). Cicchetti D, Ackerman BP, Izard CE. Research indicates that a significant change in IU over the course of CBT for GAD is highly related to positive treatment gains that have been both maintained and improved upon, prospectively, at 6-month, and 1- and 2-year follow-ups (Dugas & Ladouceur, 2000; Dugas et al., 2003; Ladouceur, Dugas et al., 2000). Historically, researchers have attempted to improve TOA scales (listed in Table 1) by building from one scale to the next in order to improve the psychometric properties of such tools and refine the TOA construct (see Furnham & Ribchester, 1995, for a review). Distress tolerance is typically assessed with self-report measures, most commonly the Distress Tolerance Scale (Simons & Gaher, 2005). Affective style among smokers: Understanding anxiety sensitivity, emotional reactivity, and distress tolerance using biological challenge. My mind cant relax if I dont know what will happen tomorrow.; 12 items); (3) Unexpected Events are Negative and Should be Avoided subscale (e.g. Furthermore, tolerance for pain induced by these tasks is shorter after exposure to a pre-task emotional stressor. 2015 Jan;40:16-20. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.07.030. Initial exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the DTS by Simons and colleagues (2005) among large college-aged samples (Study 1: 642 students; Study 2: 823 students) supported a four-factor model composed of four subscales: tolerance ( = .72) (e.g. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. There were significant latent mean differences, with individuals with a history of NSSI scoring lower than those with no history on the tolerance subscale (Z = 7.92, p < 0.001), absorption subscale (Z = 10.20, p < 0.001), and regulation subscale (Z = 4.52, p < 0.001). The majority of participants were currently completing an undergraduate bachelor degree (96%), followed by a Master degree (2.4%). Mennin DS, Heimberg RG, Turk CL, Fresco DM. However, in a large sample of 505 individuals, Holaway and colleagues (2006) found no evidence of a stronger association between worry or GAD symptoms and IU in comparison to the relationship between OCD symptoms and IU. We compared the Distress Tolerance Scale higher-order model with the lower-order four factor model among university students with and without a history of NSSI. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Modification indices suggested residual variances be correlated to improve model fit. However, there is growing acknowledgment that the tendency to only focus on global distress tolerance has resulted in researchers losing potentially important information captured in the individual subscales that may better explain relationships between distress tolerance and psychopathology, or behaviours such as NSSI (Leyro et al., 2010). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. It was hypothesized that participants with lower distress tolerance would report fewer AOD use days over the 4-month follow-up if they received MBRP versus treatment as usual (TAU). I take extreme measures to avoid feeling physically uncomfortable.) (Schmidt et al., 2006). However, there is limited evidence in support of the DTS's purported multidimensionality . Participants are provided negative feedback with each error and told that at some point during Level 3 that they will be given the option to terminate the procedure but that their reward is contingent on their level of performance (Lejuez et al., 2003). A meta-analysis of the prevalence of different functions of non-suicidal self-injury. Harrington N. Its too difficult! Although the IU construct is relatively stable, potentially warranting risk marker status, it is malleable and prospectively related to change in worry and clinical status for GAD. Epub 2019 Jul 10. Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. Initial factor analysis of this measure suggested a structure comprising one higher-order factor and four lower-order domain-specific factors. Simons SJ, Gaher MR. Bernstein A, Trafton J, Ilgen M, Zvolensky MJ. Dugas MJ, Gosselin P, Ladouceur R. Intolerance of uncertainty and worry: Investigating narrow specificity in a non-clinical sample. Effects of conceptual task difficulty on generalized persistence. Alternatively, persons with high levels of distress tolerance may, theoretically, be more able to 'approach' negative emotions and related aversive states and, when adaptive, may be more able to inhibit pursuit of negative reinforcement opportunities when available. The measure is scored on a 5-point Likert scale (1=strongly agree, 5=strongly disagree). negative emotional and somatic, Inhibition of ongoing affective experience(s) (, Behavioral and/or cognitive strategy employed to remit an individuals response to, Difficulty in: (1) regulation of affective state; and (2) self-control over affect-driven, Fear of anxiety and arousal-related sensations and physical, emotional and social, Dimension of temperament related to propensity to continually disengage in an. Anagram solution times: A function of multiple-solution anagrams.