[citation needed] President Sir Dawda Jawara was re-elected five times. The Portuguese territory came into existence during the history of Gondwana and became aligned with European landforms after the super-continent Pangea began its slow separation into several smaller plates. It is separated from the peninsular Indian subcontinent by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait. Cape Verdeans are descendants of Africans (free or slaves) and Europeans of various origins. In 1964, shortly prior to the country's independence, the Prime Minister Dawda Jawara wrote to the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use requesting that the name the Gambia retain the definite article, in part to reduce confusion with Zambia which had also recently become independent. As of 2015[update] the United Nations is in discussion with the Government of Sudan over the withdrawal of UNAMID, the peacekeeping force, which is the largest in the world. [13] Insurgency and counter-insurgency have led to 480,000 deaths (the Khartoum government disputes the numbers). [9][12] Speakers of English have used the name Cape Verde for the archipelago and, since independence in 1975, for the country. Allen Meagher, Andrew Samuel, Baba Ceesay, National Council for the Arts and Culture (Gambia), Bellamy, Alex J. and Williams, Paul D. (2013), NYU Center on International Cooperation (28 February 2012), Economic Community of West African States, Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use, Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction, People's Democratic Organisation for Independence and Socialism, National Alliance for Democracy and Development, treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, Learn how and when to remove this template message, 20182020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup, "2013 Population and Housing Census: Spatial Distribution", "GINI index (World Bank estimate) Data", Africa South of the Sahara 2004 (33rd edition): The Gambia: Recent History, "Yahya Jammeh leaves the Gambia after 22 years of rule", "Gambia's Yayah Jammeh confirms he will step down", "Former Gambia leader Yahya Jammeh flies into political exile", "Constitution of the Republic of the Gambia", "La Gambie s'autoproclame "tat islamique", "Adama Barrow removes 'Islamic' title from Gambia's name", "The Gambia: President Adama Barrow pledges reforms", "Why Africa's 'smiling coast' is officially referred to as 'The' Gambia", "Education and Koranic Literacy in West Africa", "Chronological Dating of the Duchy of Courland's Colonial Policy", "U.S.D.S. The national constitution calls for measures to give it parity with Portuguese. Tufts University January 2009, This page was last edited on 28 October 2022, at 06:08. [41] On 20 January 2017, Jammeh announced that he had agreed to step down and would leave the country. South of a line connecting the course of the Sngal River, the Niger River, and the southern two-thirds of Nigeria, Niger-Congo languages are spoken. [18] Upon independence in 1965, the country used the name the Gambia. [31] Among other achievements, it has been recognized with the following assessments: Cape Verde follows a policy of nonalignment and seeks cooperative relations with all friendly states. Jammeh was also accused of human rights abuses, especially towards human rights activists, civil society organisations, political opponents, and the media. [59], In principle, competitive politics existed during the Jawara era, however, it was stated that there was in reality a "one-party monopoly of state power centred around the dominant personality of Dawda Jawara." Read latest breaking news, updates, and headlines. On the other hand, the country's historical trajectory included, from the beginning, a process of social class formation. [67] The Constitution is under review as of 2018 and a two-term limit and other changes required to enhance the governance structures are expected. The Atlantic Ocean forms the western and southern borders of the West African region. Guinea (region In Africa, only Mauritius, Morocco, Tunisia, Seychelles, Cape Verde and Botswana have reached the global target of vaccinating 40% of their populations by the end of this year. The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering 70,560,000 km 2 water on Earth's surface. The islands are spatially divided into two groups: The largest island, both in size and population, is Santiago, which hosts the nation's capital, Praia, the principal urban agglomeration in the archipelago.[42]. [31], During World War II, some soldiers fought with the Allies of World War II. On the higher islands and somewhat wetter islands, exclusively in mountainous areas, like Santo Anto island, the climate is suitable for the development of dry monsoon forests, and laurel forests. Culturally, the people of the region belong for the most part to one of three major language families. It has been suggested that they were imprisoned for criticising the government's economic policy, or for stating that a former interior minister and security chief was among the plotters. AgWeb [86] The original Ribeira Grande was the first permanent European settlement in the tropics. The sea-zone, over which Portugal exercises special territorial rights over the economic exploration and use of marine resources encircles an area of 1,727,408 square kilometres (666,956sqmi) (divided as: Continental Portugal 327,667km2, Azores Islands 953,633km2, Madeira Islands 446,108km2). Due to its geographical location, Cape Verde is often flown over by transatlantic airliners. Shortly thereafter, the national government held a referendum proposing that the country become a republic. The archipelago has 3,050km (1,895mi) of roads, of which 1,010km (628mi) are paved, most using cobblestone. The colonial government directed financial and administrative resources to the tribes of central Sudan near Khartoum - while the outlying regions such as Darfur remained mostly forgotten and ignored. Both have been marked on the map. Manuel Veiga, Ph.D., a linguist and Minister of Culture of Cape Verde, is the premier proponent of Kriolu's officialization and standardization. Roland Marchal, "Chad/Darfur: how two crises merge.". In 1975, the National Convention Party (NCP) was formed by Sheriff Mustapha Dibba, and became the new main opposition party to the PPP's dominance. The majority of Cape Verdeans live in the United States and Western Europe, with the former hosting the largest overseas population at 500,000. In many places the goz is waterless and can only be inhabited where there are water reservoirs or deep boreholes. It has since contributed troops to ECOMIL, UNMIL, and UNAMID. They invited the UP to the coalition in 1963, but it left in 1965. [citation needed]. There are no term limits. [68], The World Bank pegged Gambian GDP for 2018 at US$1,624M; the International Monetary Fund put it at US$977M for 2011. The Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Movement of Minni Minnawi signed a Darfur Peace Agreement in 2006. The resulting series of straight lines and arcs gave the British control of areas about 16 kilometres (10mi) north and south of the Gambia River. Banjul is the Gambian capital and the country's largest metropolitan area. [28], An agreement with the French Republic in 1889 established the present boundaries. In terms of the civil service, he can appoint the Public Service Commission, the ombudsman, and the Independent Electoral Commission. The figure may be lower for girls in rural areas, where cultural factors and poverty prevent parents from sending girls to school. Indian Ocean The coastal areas merge into a flat coastal plain, one that gently rises into the foothills of a mountainous region, central and south. In 1982, in the aftermath of the 1981 attempted coup, Senegal and the Gambia signed a treaty of confederation. [88], Cape Verde counted 25 researchers in 2011, a researcher density of 51 per million inhabitants. Jorge Carlos Almeida Fonseca was elected president in August 2011 and re-elected in October 2016. A sizeable Cape Verdean diaspora community exists across the world, especially in the United States and Portugal, considerably outnumbering the inhabitants on the islands. The northern portion of western Africa is composed of a broad band of semiarid terrain, called the western Sudan, stretching from the Atlantic Ocean on the west to the area of Lake Chad on the east, a distance of about 2,500 miles (4,000 km). The peace agreement that was signed in July 2011 saw the Transitional Darfur Regional Authority reconstituted as the Darfur Regional Authority with executive and legislative functions. They play at Independence Stadium. [17] In the late 1970s and 1980s, most African countries prohibited South African Airways from overflights but Cape Verde allowed them and became a centre of activity for the airline's flights to Europe and the United States. The Azores, which are located between the junction of the African, European and North American Plates, straddle the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. [3] Its strong relief is marked by deep submarine canyons and the continuation of the main rivers. [11] In 1965, the Gambia gained independence under the leadership of Dawda Jawara, who ruled until Yahya Jammeh seized power in a bloodless 1994 coup. [89], Theft and burglary are common in Cape Verde, especially in crowded environments such as marketplaces, festivals, and celebrations. The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about 106,460,000 km 2 (41,100,000 sq mi). A 1991 court challenge by the PDOIS against irregularities on the electoral register in Banjul was dismissed on a technicality. On 2 October 2013, the Gambian interior minister announced that the Gambia would leave the Commonwealth with immediate effect, ending 48 years of membership of the organisation. Elliesie, Hatem, "Sudan under the Constraints of (International) Human Rights Law and Humanitarian Law: The Case of Darfur", in Hatem Elliesie (ed. The economy of Cape Verde is service-oriented, with commerce, transport, and public services accounting for more than 70% of GDP. Today it is called Cidade Velha ("Old City"), to distinguish it from a town of the same name on a different Cape Verdean island (Ribeira Grande on the island of Santo Anto). Serer religion encompasses cosmology and a belief in a supreme deity called Roog. The office of Prime Minister was abolished in 1970. These provinces are further subdivided into 25 districts and other smaller subdivisions. [17] It also participates in most international conferences on economic and political issues. The Gambia is less than 50 kilometres (31 miles) wide at its widest point, with a total area of 11,295km2 (4,361sqmi). 1984. [16] Other UN agencies (such as the WFP) might exit. After two years of direct rule, a new constitution was written and in 1996, the leader of the AFPRC, Yahya Jammeh, was elected as president. This index compares life-expectancy, years of schooling, gross national income (GNI) per capita and other factors. Porto Novo on Santo Anto is the only source for imports and exports of produce from the island as well as passenger traffic since the closure of the airstrip at Ponta do Sol. Both island groups are volcanic in nature, with historic volcanology and seismic activity persisting to the present time. in Carl Bruch, Carroll Muffett, and Sandra S. Nichols, eds. [49] The climate in the Gambia closely resembles that of neighbouring Senegal, of southern Mali, and of the northern part of Benin.[53]. The annual average temperature in mainland Portugal varies from 1213C (53.655.4F) in the mountainous interior north to 1718C (62.664.4F) in the south (in general the south is warmer and drier than the north). The archipelago of modern-day Cape Verde was formed approximately 4050 million years ago during the Eocene era. [78] Cape Verdean immigrants have a long history of enlistment in the U.S. military, with a presence in every major conflict from the Revolutionary War to the Vietnam War.[79]. Each region of the country is further sub-divided into districts, and districts into divisions which are further sub-divided into local wards. ), Weather phenomena recorded in previous years in Portugal, Eldridge M. Moores and Rhodes Whitmore Fairbridge (1997), p.612, "Humidade relativa do ar Perodo 1971-2000, Continente", "The best time and weather to travel to Portugal . Cape Verde has bilateral relations with some Lusophone nations and holds membership in a number of international organizations. The Cape Verde national football team, nicknamed either the Tubares Azuis (Blue Sharks), is the national team of Cape Verde and is controlled by the Cape Verdean Football Federation. His announcement justified that the Gambia was breaking its colonial past and he proclaimed Islam to be majority of its citizens. Atlantic Ocean lowest point: [23] At present,[when?] Area 3,059,702 square miles (7,924,592 square km). Along the better-watered Atlantic coastal areas, the chief features are (west to east) the Mauritanian-Senegal Basin, drained by the Sngal River; the Fouta Djallon and Guinea Highlands; the Volta River and Niger River coastal plains; and the uplands of Nigerias Jos Plateau and the Cameroon Highlands. [38], Darfur Peace Agreement (also known as Doha Agreement), Veronika Danielov, "Darfur Crisis of 2003: Analysis of the Darfur Conflict from the Times of First Clashes to the Present Day.". However, the country never experienced political turnover during this period and its commitment to succession by the ballot box was never tested.