Turkey, whose population approaches 70 million, has also become a destination for irregular migrants from former Soviet Bloc countries, and a magnet for . [88], The Iraqi Turkmen generally also have an active command in standard Turkish due to their cultural orientation towards the Republic of Turkey. [56], The Turkish language was recognized as a minority language in Kirkuk and Kifri in 1930,[57] until the revolutionary government introduced the names "Turkman" and "Turkmanja" in 1959 with the aim of politically distancing the Turks of Iraq from Turkey. By 2010, the combat operations by occupying troops were ending and the country worked to sustain stable political conditions. US president George W. Bush decided to invade Iraq in 2003 to remove Hussein from power. In 1960, Turkey had a total population of 28.16 million people, and this number continues to gradually increase. Istanbul remains the primate city of the country and is home to various world-class mosques. )1,182 (2015 est. )imports of goods and services: -40.9% (2016 est. Conditions are improving, and at some future point Turkey may have an opportunity to join the EU. Bushs father, former US president George H. W. Bush, owned the Zapata Oil Company, which drilled the first offshore Kuwaiti oil well and later merged to become Pennzoil. )carbon dioxide emissions: 190.06 megatons (2016 est. The capital city of Turkey is Ankara, which is located in the center of the country. [91], In 1997 the Iraqi Turkmen Congress adopted a Declaration of Principles, Article Three states that "the official written language of the Turkmen is Istanbul Turkish, and its alphabet is the new Latin alphabet. Iraqi people are among the nationalities that purchase the most real estates in the country, alongside Iranians, Russians, Germans, and Brits. )1,213.72 (2013 est. Khomeini ruled Iran until his death in 1989. [80] Hence, there are linguists who acknowledge similarities with Azerbaijani spoken in Iran but say that Iraqi Turkmen has "greater proximity to Turkish of Turkey". [52] In addition, the Erbil dialect shows similarities with Turkish dialects stretching from Kosovo to Rize, Erzurum and Malatya. The Foreign Minister unequivocally condemned the terrorist acts against the civilian population in Baghdad on January 21 and expressed the full support of Greece to the government, as well as to the people of Iraq. Tribal leader Masoud Barzani, who years earlier had fled with his wife and sons to Iran after Saddam had slaughtered thousands of their tribesmen, returned with his family with not much more than the beat-up cars they drove in on and the clothes on their backs. )investment in fixed capital: 20.6% (2016 est. The UN has classified Irans economy as semideveloped. Professor Orit Bashkin has observed that within Iraqi Turkmen literature, poets have managed to "remain loyal to Iraq as a state" whilst they have also "concurrently upheld their Turkish distinctiveness": For Mustafa Gkkaya (b. The globalized economy forces political units to compete over valuable resources, which often results in the blending of those in leadership roles in the corporate world with those in positions of power in the political arena. Certainly, Erdoans political demise may not be imminent. Population Pyramids: Iraq - 2009. Thousands of Kurds died in other attacks, and thousands more continue to suffer serious health effects. Rather than double down on an increasingly corrupt and autocratic system in Iraqs north, perhaps the best way forward for Washington would be to prioritize systematic reform in Iraqi Kurdistan to cement a real democracy rather than a family-run kleptocracy. Inflation has remained under control since 2006. Population: 38,433,600: Etnic groups: Arab 75-80%, Kurdish 15-20%, other 5% : The demonstrations were called the Twitter Revolution. )transmission/distribution losses: 58.502 billion kWh (2019 est. [128] On May 4, these tensions boiled over into violence when soldiers from the Iraq Levies a levied force raised by the British government after the First World War and consisting primarily of Assyrian clashed with Turkmen in a Kirkuk market square after a dispute between an Assyrian soldier and a Turkmen shopkeeper. Turkish Cypriots control the north and have declared it the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. )from coal and metallurgical coke: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. [142] In March 2000, the Human Rights Watch reported that the KDP's security attacked the offices of the ITF in Erbil, killing two guards, following a lengthy period of disputes between the two parties. While Masrour may confuse the status quo with permanence, Erdoans fall would set off both a scramble for power inside Ankara and score-settling in which secret deals with the Barzanis may become fodder to embarrass Erdoans family members and aides. note: while there has been voluntary relocation of many Christian families to northern Iraq, the overall Christian population has decreased at least 50% and perhaps as high as 90% since the fall of the SADDAM Husayn regime in 2003, . [39] However, due to the demise of the Ottoman monarchy, the Iraqi Turkmen participated in elections for the Constituent Assembly; the purpose of these elections was to formalise the 1922 treaty with the British government and obtain support for the drafting of a constitution and the passing of the 1923 Electoral law. Where do Kurds hope to establish the proposed country of Kurdistan? )government consumption: 22.9% (2016 est. At the very least, Erdoans downfall will lead to a period of uncertainty inside the Barzanis mountaintop headquarters. . ), $73.02 billion (31 December 2017 est. The Asian part that is separated from the former by the . [13] Kurdish sources put the figure at 10 [14] to 15 million Kurds in Turkey. More recently, Turkeys involvement with the Barzanis extends to manipulation of vote tallies on election day. There are many established Iraqi Turkmen diaspora communities, such as the Canadian Iraqi Turkmen Culture Association, based in Canada. They had been destroyed, moved out of Iraq, or hidden. What three ethnic groups form an Ethnic Triangle that dominates the Middle East? The Government of Iraq is eager to attract additional foreign direct investment, but it faces a number of obstacles, including a tenuous political system and concerns about security and societal stability. Additionally, 49.3% originated in Baghdad, and while 47.3% arrived to Turkey in 2010, 7.8% arrived prior to 2006. [113][114] Iraqi Turkmen claim that their total population is over 3 million. [83] In addition, diglossia in Iraq Turkmen dialects and Istanbul Turkish has become a widespread phenomenon. Modern Iraq is an Arabian country with a population of ~ 40 million, bordered by the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan and Syria to the west, Turkey to the north, and Iran to the east 4. This was viewed by pro-ITF Iraqi Turkmen as a deliberate attempt to "buy off" Iraqi Turkmen opposition and break their bonds with Ankara. Turkmenistan. Turkey grows large quantities of food in the central Anatolian Plateau; vast fields of grain extend across this central plateau. Though the world community opposed this action, it was not until Hussein nationalized all the oil assets of the international oil corporations that resistance was organized. [16][17], Whilst Turkic migration to Iraq began in the 7th century, followed by 1055's Seljuk conquest, today most Turkmen are descendants of Ottoman soldiers, traders and civil servants who were brought into Iraq from Anatolia during Ottoman rule. Approximately thirty million Kurds live in the Middle Eastprimarily in Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkeyand the Kurds comprise nearly one-fifth of Turkey's population of seventy-nine million. Since 2000, more than 33,000 have gained legal entry to the United States. Hussein proved to be a destabilizing force and a potential threat to the established so-called New World Order of global security and trade as outlined by US president George H. W. Bush. [85][52], Due to the existence of different Turkish migration waves to Iraq for over 1,200 years, the Iraqi Turkmen varieties are by no means homogeneous;[85][53] dialects can vary according to regional features. They also gained new territory and oil fields surrounding Kirkuk. Chapter 8: North Africa and Southwest Asia, Figure 8.55 2010 Population Estimates for the Ethnic Triangle of the Middle East, with Egypt, Turkey, and Iran Anchoring Each Corner, http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0872966.html, http://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/publications/ASB2010_2011.pdf, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. [15] Kurds mostly live in Northern Kurdistan, in Southeastern and Eastern Anatolia. During the rise of Islam, Iran had major contributions to the arts, mathematics, literature, philosophy, and science. [95][9] Nonetheless, the Turkmen are mainly secular, having internalized the secularist interpretation of statereligion affairs practiced in the Republic of Turkey since its foundation in 1923. Population density for this country. Recently, Turkey has also become known as a country of transit to the European Union for irregular migrants from Asian countries such as Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Iraq, Iran, and Pakistan. ), women married by age 15: 7.2%women married by age 18: 27.9% (2018 est. The monarchy was ruled by a shah, which is a title for the sovereign leader in Iran similar to a king. [40] The Iraqi Turkmens made their participation in the electoral process conditional that the preservation of the Turkish character in Kirkuk's administration and the recognition of Turkish as the liwa's official language. [132][133] Order was restored on 17 July by military units from Baghdad. Population: 29.7 million . [21][22][23][1][2], Prior to the mid-20th century the Turkmens in Iraq were known simply as "Turks". Istanbul) Turkish as a prestige language has exerted a profound influence on their dialects;[54] thus, the syntax in Iraqi Turkmen differs sharply from neighboring Irano-Turkic varieties. Figure 8.50 The Three Core Economic Areas of the World That Consume High Levels of Energy. Women represented 41.9% of these migrants. His mandate as prime minister was to guide Iraq toward an early national legislative election, which was held in October 2021. Thus, the Iraqi Turkmen (as well as the Syrian Turkmens and Anatolian Turkmens) do not identify themselves with the Turkmen people of Turkmenistan. The Kurds are the largest nation of people in the world without a country. [58], Under the British Mandate over Iraq, the Turkish language was recognized as an official language in Kirkuk and Kifri under Article 5 of the Language Act of 1930. Therefore, the Turkmen Directorate of Education in Kirkuk has started Turkish language lessons for the wider society. The Iraqi Turkmen primarily inhabit northern Iraq, in a region they refer to as "Turkmeneli" which stretches from the northwest to the east at the middle of Iraq. Ethnic minorities include Turkmen, Shabak, Chaldeans, Assyrians, Armenians, black Iraqis and Roma. [99] Furthermore, international organizations such as the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization has stated that the Iraqi Turkmen community is 3 million or 913% of the Iraqi population. ), degree of risk: intermediate (2020)food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fevernote: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Iraq; as of 18 August 2022, Iraq has reported a total of 2,454,213 cases of COVID-19 or 6,101.59 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with a total of 25,338 cumulative deaths or a rate of 62.99 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 7 August 2022, 25.30% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine, total: 0.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. [56] Turkish media outlets (especially satellite TV) has been influential; moreover, there are a number of private schools which teach in Turkish backed by Turkish institutions. )methane emissions: 17.44 megatons (2020 est. $372.27 billion (2020 est. On January 16, 1991, Operation Desert Storm began. )66% of GDP (2016 est. Turks living within the borders of Greece, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan, Turkish minorities in the former Ottoman Empire, "Iraq's Turkmens call for independent province", "Why Iraqi Turkmens are excluded from the new government", "Erat Salihi'nin istifas, i sava senaryolar ve Irak Trklerinin gelecei", https://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Iraq_Turkomans_lg.png, "Iraq's Turkmen mobilise for a post-ISIL future", "Trkmeneli Tv-Radyo Genel Yayn Ynetmeni Yalman Hacarolu ile Sylei", "Iraqi Turkmen: The Human Rights Situation and Crisis in Kerkuk", "The Turkmen of Iraq: Underestimated, Marginalized and exposed to assimilation Terminology", Center for Middle Eastern Strategic Studies, "Canadian Iraqi Turkmen Culture Association (CITCAL)", "Kerkk katliamlarn 'Irak'a ayp olur' diye eskiden sansr ederdik", "Gvurba Katliam (12 Temmuz 1946) Trkmen Basn Ajans", "Altunkpr the ancient name of Trkmen Township", "Al-Haddad offers condolences to Turkmen people on anniversary of Kirkuk, Altun Kupri, Tuzhurmatu and Taza massacres Iraqi Parliament Council", The New Iraq, The Middle East and Turkey: A Turkish View, "Talabani: Autonomy for Turkmen in Kurdistan", "Engin Akyrek'in yeni sinema filmi, "Bir Eyll Meselesi", "Davutolu meets Iraq's Turkmen politicians, urges unity", "Letter From Istanbul: Ottomania A his TV show reimagines Turkey's imperial past", "In memoriam: Rifat Chadirji (1926 2020)", "Bilkent Mourns the Loss of its founder, Prof. Ihsan Dogramaci", "Kerkkl Trkmen oyuncu Amine Gle Arapay biraz biliyorum", "Jubilant Iraqis Savor Their Soccer Triumph", "Trkmenler, Irak'ta eitim dzeyleriyle ne kyor", "Endangered community:The Turkoman identity in Iraq", Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Iraq Region, Persecution of Muslims during Ottoman contraction, 19561989 Assimilation of Bulgarian Turks, Turkish diplomats assassinated by Armenian militant organisations, Turkish communities and minorities in the former Ottoman Empire, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Turkmen&oldid=1117242310, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2022, Articles with image file bare URLs for citations, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing Turkish-language text, Articles lacking reliable references from July 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 3 million (2013 Iraqi Ministry of Planning estimate), This page was last edited on 20 October 2022, at 17:29. Of those, 59.7% were male, and 63.9% were between the ages of 18-59. After I got in, the U.S. State Department asked me to distribute invitations to local Kurdish activists for a visitors program in the United States. The two religious divisions of Islam are Shia and Sunni. ), wheat, barley, dates, tomatoes, rice, maize, grapes, potatoes, rice, watermelons, petroleum, chemicals, textiles, leather, construction materials, food processing, fertilizer, metal fabrication/processing, agriculture: 21.6%industry: 18.7%services: 59.8% (2008 est. In terms of ethnicity, Arabs make up between 75 - 80 per cent of the population and Kurds a further 15-20 per cent. . )consumption: 46,492,540,000 kWh (2019 est. ), Fitch rating: B- (2015)Moody's rating: Caa1 (2017)Standard & Poors rating: B- (2015), agriculture: 3.3% (2017 est. About twenty-five million Kurds live in the Middle East, and mostabout fourteen millionlive in Turkey. It was Britain that established the straight-line borders separating Kuwait and Iraq. Life expectancy at birth, male (years) Life expectancy at birth, total (years) Literacy rate, adult female (% of females ages 15 and above) Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) Literacy rate, youth male (% of males ages 15-24) Malaria cases reported. )13.1% (2016 est. The Iran-Iraq war during the 1980s and the Anfal genocide campaign of the Iraqi army devastated the population and nature of Iraqi Kurdistan. Knowing that Hussein had used chemical weapons on the Kurds, the Iranians, and the Shia, there was a concern that he would use them again. His position was that if he could not have the oil, then nobody would. He used chemical weapons on the Kurds during the Iran-Iraq War. note: data are in current year dollars, United Arab Emirates 28%, Turkey 21%, China 19% (2019), refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, cars, jewelry, cigarettes (2019), $48.88 billion (31 December 2017 est. http://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/publications/ASB2010_2011.pdf. . Turkey has also had to negotiate with its neighbors, Syria and Iraq, over water rights to the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, which originate in Turkey but flow through the other countries. [110] The 1997 census states that there was 600,000[20][111] Iraqi Turkmen out of a total population of 22,017,983,[112] forming 2.72% of the total Iraqi population; however, this census only allowed its citizens to indicate belonging to one of two ethnicities, Arab or Kurd, this meant that many Iraqi Turkmen identified themselves as Arabs (the Kurds not being a desirable ethnic group in Saddam Hussein's Iraq), thereby skewing the true number of Iraqi Turkmen. What was the Twitter Revolution about. Immunization, Polio (% of one-year-old children) Incidence of HIV (% of uninfected population ages 15-49) Incidence of malaria (per 1,000 population at risk) Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people) Labor force, female (% of total labor force) Labor force, total. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice was a Chevron Corporation board member and had an oil supertanker named after herthe Condoleezza Rice. Guide to Iraq and Iraqi culture, society, language, etiquette, customs, manners and protocol. You can follow him on Twitter: @mrubin1971. )percent of population: 60% (2020 est. The average population growth rate reflects the annual increase or decrease in population. J. Neurogenet. )note: data are in 2017 dollars, -0.1% (2019 est. [141] The largest concentration of Iraqi Turkmen tended to be in Tal Afar. US vice president Dick Cheney was CEO of Halliburton, the worlds most extensive oil service company. Western Africa. Open rebellion has been expressed by Kurdish groups wishing to become independent of Turkey, but the Turkish government has oppressed any movement toward independence. Official Languages of Iraq . [142], According to Anderson and Stansfield, in the 1990s, tension between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen inflamed as the KDP and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) were institutionalized as the political hegemons of the region and, from the perspective of the Iraqi Turkmen, sought to marginalize them from the positions of authority and to subsume their culture with an all-pervading Kurdistani identity. [3], Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, http://www.christiansofiraq.com/caritaschaldeandec16.html, "IOM responds to complaints from Iraqi refugees in Turkey", "Guide on Buying Property in Turkey for Foreigners | Istanbul Properties For Sale | +20,000 Apartment was sold with ISTHOMES", "2011 UNHCR country operations profile - Turkey", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraqis_in_Turkey&oldid=1105075906, This page was last edited on 18 August 2022, at 11:33. [98][115] Liam Anderson and Gareth Stansfield describe the Turkmeneli region as follows: what Turkmens refer to as Turkmeneli a vast swath of territory running from Iraq's border with Turkey and Syria and diagonally down the country to the border with Iran. On 14 July 1959, skirmishes broke out between the Iraqi Turkmen and Kurds, leaving some 20 Iraqi Turkmen dead. A number of countries including the United States have placed trade sanctions against Iran regarding any materials associated with nuclear weapons or missiles. Of those, 59.7% were male, and 63.9% were between the ages of 1859. Urban and Rural Settlement. Arabic is widely used as a second language and a language used in science, which was helpful in reaching a broader audience and reaching out to the regional community with academic and scientific findings. After the September 11, 2001, attack on the United States, there was a renewed interest in weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Life Expectancy. [7]:43, In an attempt to prevent large movements of Iraqi refugees into its country resulting from the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Turkish government tightened its security at its border with Iraq during the Iraq War. )investment in inventories: 0% (2016 est. The whole island is considered one country by the UN, which does not recognize the Turkish Cypriots claim to independence. [50] More recently, Article 4 of the 2005 Iraqi Constitution recognizes "Turkomen" as an official minority language in the "administrative units in which they constitute density of population" (alongside Syriac). It's +3.04% (1124291 people) compared with the population of Iraq on 01 Jul 2021. Population of North Korea 2021. ), lowest 10%: 3.6%highest 10%: 25.7% (2007 est. Map courtesy of University of Texas Libraries. ), 59.7% of GDP (2017 est. A large part of the Iraqi population lives here. Significant global differences in allele frequencies were detected in 9 of the 11 comparisons . Between 2003 and 2006, 1,350 Turkmens in Tal A'far died mainly from sectarian violence and war and thousands of houses were damaged or demolished, resulting in 4,685 displaced families. [6], Large movements of Kurdish refugees took place after revolts that broke out in Kurdish areas in northern Iraq during the Gulf War (August 2, 1990 February 28, 1991) were curtailed by raids of the Iraqi military. Why were protesters demonstrating in the streets of Tehran? The population of Iraq mainly comprised Arabs (70%) whose official language is Arabic, which originated in the Southern-Central Semitic language and is spoken in the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, and other parts of the Middle East. Open protests expressing a need for change have periodically erupted in the streets of Tehran. To maintain its democracy, it has had to deal with Islamic fundamentalists, who often have supported a shift to an Islamic religious state. [9], Most Iraqi Turkmens migrate to Turkey, followed by Germany, Denmark, and Sweden. The people of Iran are not Arabs; their ethnic background is Persian. Source: New York Times, December 10, 2003. For Reit Ali Dakuklu (b. While 36.4% are Arab, 28.5% are Assyrian, and 6.2% are Kurd. The map shows the portion of Turkey in Europe to the west, the central Anatolian Plateau, the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers, and Mount Ararat on the Armenian border. Denmark. This is one reason the United States backed Saddam Hussein in the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s. What are the three main geographic regions of Iraq? [108] Scott Taylor has described the political nature of the results thusly: According to the 1957 census conducted by King Faisal II a monarch supported by the British there were only 136,800 Turkmen in all of Iraq. Many Iranian citizens want the same outcomes that the protesters and demonstrators want in the countries experiencing the Arab Spring revolutions. More important perhaps than the legal factor has been the historical and cultural identity of the Turks in Cyprus, Greece, Bulgaria and Iraq with the Turks of Turkey. )exports: 0 kWh (2019 est. (approximately $20.4 billion), information varies; approximately 200,000 personnel under the Ministry of Defense (190,000 Army/Aviation Command/Special Forces; 5,000 Navy; 5,000 Air/Air Defense Forces); approximately 25,000 National-Level Security Forces; Ministry of Peshmerga: approximately 150,000-plus (45-50,000 Regional Guard Brigades; 40-45,000 Unit 70 Forces; 65-70,000 Unit 80 Forces); estimated 100-160,000 Popular Mobilization Forces (2022), the Iraqi military's inventory includes a mix of equipment from a wide variety of sources, including Europe, South Africa, South Korea, Russia, and the US; since 2010, Russia and the US have been the leading suppliers of military hardware to Iraq (2022), 18-40 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (abolished 2003) (2022)note: in late 2021, the Iraqi Government approved a draft conscription law for the Council of Representatives to debate, as of 2022, Iraqi security forces (ISF) continued to conduct counterinsurgency and counterterrorism operations against the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) terrorist group, particularly in northern and western Iraq; Kurdish Security Forces (KSF, aka Peshmerga) also conducted operations against ISISthe KSF were formally recognized as a legitimate Iraqi military force under the countrys constitution and have operated jointly with the Iraqi military against ISIS militants, but they also operate outside of Iraqi military command structure; since 2021, the ISF and the KSF have conducted joint counter-ISIS operations in an area known as the Kurdish Coordination Line (KCL), a swath of disputed territory in northern Iraq claimed by both the Kurdistan Regional Government and the central Iraqi Government; the KSF/Peshmerga report to the Kurdistan Regional Government or Kurdistan Democratic Party and Patriotic Union of Kurdistan parties instead of the Iraqi Ministry of DefensePopular Mobilization Commission and Affiliated Forces (PMF or PMC), also known as Popular Mobilization Units (PMU, or al-Hashd al-Shaabi in Arabic), tribal militia units have fought alongside the Iraqi military against ISIS since 2014, but the majority of these forces continue to largely ignore the 2016 Law of the Popular Mobilization Authority, which mandated that armed militias must be regulated in a fashion similar to Iraqs other security forces and act under the Iraqi Governments direct control; the Iraqi Government funds the PMF, and the prime minister legally commands it, but many of the militia units take orders from associated political parties and/or other government officials, including some with ties to the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and some that have been designated as terrorist organizations by the US; the PMF/PMU is an umbrella organization comprised of many different militias, the majority of which are Shia: --Shia militias backed by Iran; they are considered the most active and capable, and include such groups as the Badr Organization (Saraya al-Sala), Asaib Ahl al-Haq, and Kataib Hizballah --Shia militias affiliated with Shia political parties, but not aligned with Iran, such as the Peace Brigades (Saray al-Salam) --Shia militias not connected with political parties, but affiliated with the Najaf-based Grand Ayatollah Ali al-SISTANI (Iraqs supreme Shia cleric), such as the Hawza militias--other PMF/PMU militias include Sunni Tribal Mobilization militias, or Hashd al-Ashairi; some of these militias take orders from the ISF and local authorities while others respond to orders from the larger Shia PMU militias; still other militias include Yazidi and Christian militias and the Turkmen brigades; the links of these forces to the PMU is not always clear-cut and may be loosely based on financial, legal, or political incentivesat the request of the Iraqi government, NATO agreed to establish an advisory, training and capacity-building mission for the Iraqi military in October 2018; as of 2022, the NATO Mission Iraq (NMI) had about 500 troops; in December 2021, the task force that leads the defeat ISIS mission in Iraq, Combined Joint Task Force Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF-OIR), transitioned from a combat role to an advise, assist, and enable role (2022), Ansar al-Islam; Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Jaysh Rijal al-Tariq al-Naqshabandi; Kata'ib Hizballah; Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T, Iraq-Iran: Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf, Iraq-Turkey: Turkey has expressed concern over the autonomous status of Kurds in Iraq, refugees (country of origin): 15,272 (Turkey), 7,881 (West Bank and Gaza Strip) (mid-year 2021); 262,412 (Syria) (2022)IDPs: 1,184,818 (displacement in central and northern Iraq since January 2014) (2022)stateless persons: 47,253 (mid-year 2021); note - in the 1970s and 1980s under SADDAM Husayn's regime, thousands of Iraq's Faili Kurds, followers of Shia Islam, were stripped of their Iraqi citizenship, had their property seized by the government, and many were deported; some Faili Kurds had their citizenship reinstated under the 2006 Iraqi Nationality Law, but others lack the documentation to prove their Iraqi origins; some Palestinian refugees persecuted by the SADDAM regime remain stateless, total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030, Children under the age of 5 years underweight, International law organization participation, Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income, Household income or consumption by percentage share, Civil aircraft registration country code prefix, Military and security service personnel strengths, Military equipment inventories and acquisitions, Refugees and internally displaced persons, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI).
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